Attempt 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| What is extensive land use? | show 🗑
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| What is intensive land use? | show 🗑
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| show | ~12,000 years ago
Also known as the Neolithic Revolution
1st Domestication of plants and animals
Hallmarks: mostly subsistence, simple tools, manual labor
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| What were the results of the first agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| What is a proper description of the agricultural hearths of the first agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Starts in 1492
The global diffusion of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas
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| show | A change in the countryside
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| show | Laws enacted (starting in Britain) that allowed for more private ownership of the commons. Wealthy farmers could now purchase and enclose lands that had once been used by poor peasants
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| show | It made farming nearly impossible and pushed them to the cities to fight for new industrial jobs
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| When did the second agricultural revolution begin? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanization, transportation improvements, refrigeration, natural fertilizers, soil science, increased selective breeding of plants and animals, large scale irrigation projects
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| show | Increased food supply, better diets, longer life spans, increased urbanization, increased population, increased population density (in cities), increased inequality
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| What were two main impacts of the second agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| What was a new and effective form of fencing in the second agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Rapid advances in agriculture starting in the 1960s
These advances are known as the Green Revolution
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| show | The development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, and faster growing varieties of grains; double-cropping; increased use of fertilizers and pesticides; agribusiness model, industrial agriculture, factory farms; hybrids; GMOs
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| Who was Norman Borlaug? | show 🗑
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| What were the results of the third agricultural revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Increased carrying capacity and the ability to operate at an economy of scale
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| show | Breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics
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| What are some traits of hybrid produce? | show 🗑
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| show | A crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes
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| What are the pros and cons of GMOs? | show 🗑
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| show | Corn, soybeans, and cotton
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| show | Universities in the developed world using government grants
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| Who created and marketed the products farmers used in the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | People in poverty benefited due to increased access to food, but it also benefited universities and corporations in the developed world. The Green Revolution drastically lowered the cost of wheat, corn, and rice for the second half of the 20th century.
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| What happened in 2005? | show 🗑
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| show | They pay relatively large amounts of money to Western corporations for the annual seeds and fertilizers required to grow the often copyrighted superfoods
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| show | Environmental damage
Lack of sustained investment
Disregard for local needs
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| show | Double cropping and aggressive irrigation
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| What has the intensity of land use in association with the Green Revolution done? | show 🗑
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| What has the increased mechanization in association with the Green Revolution done? | show 🗑
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| Who was impacted most by the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| In the developing world in what areas did men receive further dominance because of the green revolution and why? | show 🗑
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| show | Men normally received the training on the new machinery and methods. The exclusion of women further marginalized their roles.
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| In the beginning, what funded the Green Revolution? | show 🗑
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| show | Corporations and governments
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| When did government funding for the Green Revolution dry up? | show 🗑
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| When government funding for the Green Revolution dried up what happened? | show 🗑
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| What did the Green Revolution do to the DTM? | show 🗑
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| show | Mechanization and the cost of agriculture increasing (Part of the Green Revolution and the DTM)
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| show | Farmers being pushed off their land. (Part of the Green Revolution and the DTM)
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| Where was the Green Revolution very successful? | show 🗑
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| show | Africa
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| show | Diverse soils and climates. Seed and fertilizer development for the region was complicated and expensive. Harsh conditions Staple Crops were usually not included in research hybridization programs. Political turmoil complicated rollout of new techs
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| show | Insects, plants, and viral strains
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| What are some of Africa's staple crops? | show 🗑
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| Where does Africa's population growth rank compared to other regions in recent times? | show 🗑
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| show | High population growth and lack of a Green Revolution
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| What are the two driving forces behind agricultural decisions? | show 🗑
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| What does physical geography question for agricultural decisions? | show 🗑
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| What does economics question for agricultural decisions? | show 🗑
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| show | Farmers focus on raising the food they need to survive
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| show | Farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit
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| show | Location: usually near urban centers or transportation hubs
Examples: truck farming and dairy farming
Inputs: large amounts of labor and machinery, often on large tracts of land
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| show | Location: usually near densely populated areas with access to local markets
Examples: farmers who grow a wide variety of crops such as corn, cassava, millet, or yams and raise some livestock
Inputs: often labor-intensive production on small plots
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| Where is extensive commercial farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | show 🗑
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| Where is extensive subsistence farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | show 🗑
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| show | Nomads that move their herds to different pastures within their territory
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| Where are pastoral nomads typically found? | show 🗑
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| show | animals for survival; cattle (East Africa), goats, camels (the Middle East), reindeer (Siberia, Finland), yaks, sheep, and horses provide milk for food and hides.
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| What things have caused the decline of pastoral nomadism? | show 🗑
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| Who are the Sami People? | show 🗑
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| show | Governments are more protective of borders and pasture is increasing being used by agribusinesses and mining and petroleum interests
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| show | Slash and Burn Agriculture or Swidden Agriculture
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| show | Shifting cultivation
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| Where does shifting cultivation typically take place? | show 🗑
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| What does shifting cultivation entail? | show 🗑
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| show | Rice (SE Asia), Maize (Latin America), millet and sorghum (sub-Saharan Africa) are common crops although most of this farming is subsistence agriculture so there is a wide variety of crops grown
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| show | Destructive or primitive
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| What is a location wherein Swidden Agriculture is used? | show 🗑
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| show | The destruction of the rain forests and climate change. It worked for thousands of years until population growth inhibited sustainability
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| What do defenders of shifting cultivation say about it? | show 🗑
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| show | In the tropics; hot, humid climates with substantial precipitation
(note this takes place in areas that are typically associated with subsistence)
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| What is a plantation? | show 🗑
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| show | Coffee, cocoa, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, palm oil, and cotton
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| Where is Mixed Farming (Crop/Livestock) used typically? | show 🗑
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| What is Mixed Farming? | show 🗑
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| show | Allows farmers to work year-round and creates a more steady income flow
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| show | Regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, China, India, and Russia are the world’s top wheat producers. The USA is 4th.
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| show | Farmers often raise wheat in lands that used to be prairie or plains. These grains are mostly consumed by people.
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| What is Spring Wheat? | show 🗑
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| What is Winter Wheat? | show 🗑
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| show | Market gardening, truck gardening, or fruit farming
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| show | SE United States, American Southwest, areas with long growing seasons
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| What is commercial gardening? | show 🗑
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| What are growing seasons? | show 🗑
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| show | Most commercial dairies are located in the USA, Canada, and Europe; traditionally this was localized due to the perishable nature of the product. This pattern still exists in the developing world
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| What are dairy farms? | show 🗑
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| What are milksheds? | show 🗑
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| show | Large corporate dairies have largely replaced them. This decreased the number of farms, but increased dairy production
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| show | In regions with hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and ample irrigation. Circling the Mediterranean, California, SW Australia, Chile
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| What is typically grown in the Mediterranean? | show 🗑
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| What is Transhumance? | show 🗑
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| show | Herders in the Mediterranean
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| show | China
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| show | Found in areas too dry for growing crops. The Western US, pampas in Argentina, southern Brazil, Spain and Portugal, China, Australia
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| What is livestock ranching? | show 🗑
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| What is forcing farmers to use land more intensely? | show 🗑
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| What are the demographic forces affecting the land use of farmers? | show 🗑
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| What is an economic force affecting the land use of farmers? | show 🗑
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| show | Transnational corporations that are involved in agriculture
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| What is monoculture? | show 🗑
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| What does large-scale farming usually practice? | show 🗑
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| What are the effects of agribusinesses? | show 🗑
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| How do agribusinesses use their monopolies? | show 🗑
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| show | The process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and transport them to consumers
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| show | 1) Raw materials
2) Supplier
3) Manufacturing
4) Distribution
5) Customer
6) Consumer
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| show | Customer is the one who is purchasing the goods. Consumer is the one who is the end user of any goods or services. Consumers are unable to resell any product or service. Customers need to purchase a product or service in order to use it.
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| show | 1) Planting – seeds, fertilizer, water
2) Growing – fertile land, water
3) Harvesting – dried and stored until processed
4) Processing – packaged or used to create other products
5) Marketing – sold for animal feed, human food, or other uses
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| What does the life of cattle look like? | show 🗑
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| show | Concentrated animal feeding operations
Animals in CAFOs are kept in high-density settings and are fattened for market.
The lack of movement resulting from the cramped conditions is actually encouraged to help animals gain weight faster.
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| What do clustered rural settlement patterns look like? | show 🗑
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| show | The European countryside
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| What do dispersed rural settlement patterns look like? | show 🗑
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| Where are dispersed rural settlements typically found? | show 🗑
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| What do linear rural settlement patterns look like? | show 🗑
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| What is a survey? | show 🗑
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| What are some locations where Metes and Bounds were/are used? | show 🗑
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| show | Used for short distances
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| show | Cover large areas based on larger features, streams or roads
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| show | “from the oak tree”, “100 yards north”, “to the corner of the barn
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| show | USA; used the Public Land Survey System in 1785
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| show | The government divided land into townships that were 6 miles long by 6 miles wide.
Each square mile was a section that could be further divided into smaller lots
Sections were reserved for schools and railway lines
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| show | French holdings in North America. Louisiana, Quebec, St. Genevieve, Missouri
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| What was the long lot system used for? | show 🗑
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| How should one analyze an image? | show 🗑
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| show | Symbols (especially religious)
Language
Ethnicity
Gender
ESPeN
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| show | A German economist and farm owner in the early 1800s
He suggested that there was a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods.
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| show | - farmers were in business for profit
- there is ONE market where farmers sold their produce
- the market is located in an isotropic plain
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| What is an isotropic plain? | show 🗑
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| What did Johann von Thunen believe? | show 🗑
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| show | The closer to market the more expensive the land; the further the cheaper
Land use is more intense closer to the market
Perishable products are grown close to the market
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| In Thunen's model what is the central city? | show 🗑
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| In Thunen's model what is the first zone? | show 🗑
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| What do the farms located in the first zone of Thunen's model look like? | show 🗑
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| show | The items produced are perishable, so the farmer would need to get them to market quickly.
This was especially true before refrigeration
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| What is the second zone of Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| How are the zones in Thunen's model ordered? | show 🗑
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| Why was wood important in Thunen's day? | show 🗑
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| Why did wood products need to be in the zone they were in in Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| show | Grains/Increasingly extensive field crops
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| show | Wheat and corn
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| show | Though extremely important, they are not as perishable
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| What is the fourth zone of Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| What does the fourth zone of Thunen's model look like? | show 🗑
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| show | The theory that the rent at any location is equal to the value of its product minus production costs and transport costs. Each type of farmer is willing to pay more closer to the market, but how much they will pay varies with the agricultural activity.
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| show | The area too far from the market to be profitable.
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| Can Von Thunen's model only be applied to agriculture? | show 🗑
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| show | This model still works even though agricultural technologies, crops, and conditions have all drastically changed.
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| What shape is Von Thunen's model? | show 🗑
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| show | An isotropic world
One market
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| show | Better soils
Located on a river
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| show | Wood isn’t nearly as important today. Although this ring is valued as a greenbelt.
Dairy isn’t just milk. Cheese has a long shelf-life.
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| show | Specialty crops like citrus
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| What is something that heavily interferes with the efficacy of the Von Thunen model today? | show 🗑
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| show | They sometimes buy land near cities and farm it (hay) using little investment. They hold the land until they can flip it or develop it.
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| What must be remembered about models? | show 🗑
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| What is desertification? | show 🗑
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| show | Forests have replaced fields and are unlikely to return to their natural state and have been altered by chemical fertilizers. Wetlands have been drained causing greater flooding. Conflicts over water rights rising. Overgrazing led to desertification.
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| show | Nile and Colorado Rivers
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| show | Borders Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan
Once the 4th largest lake in the world
During the Soviet Era massive irrigation projects took water from the lake – mostly for cotton
40,000 sq km of lake disappeared – that’s about the size of Switzerland
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| show | Health problems, loss of livelihood, ecological disaster
Ban Ki-moon, the former UN Secretary General called it “one of the planet's worst environmental disasters"
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| show | The removal of large tracts of forest
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| What are the advantages of terracing? | show 🗑
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| show | Significant labor to build and maintain; artificial landscape
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| show | East Asia (rice), North Africa (fruit and olive trees), South America (potatoes and maize)
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| show | The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops
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| show | Provides crops with an essential need
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| What are the disadvantages of irrigation? | show 🗑
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| What is subsidence? | show 🗑
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| show | California – Central and Imperial Valley
Ogallala Aquifer – Nebraska to northern Texas
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| What uses 80% of California's water? | show 🗑
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| How much water does the average American consume per day? | show 🗑
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| show | Both California and the area served by the Ogallala Aquifer are facing major water shortages which will drastically impact American agriculture
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| What 3 goals do agricultural scientists constantly aim for? | show 🗑
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| show | GMOs are more nutritious, resistant to extreme weather and pests, and take longer to spoil
The majority of scientists think they're safe to consume
GMOs are only widely used in the US, Brazil, and Argentina
Europe has strong restrictions against GMOs
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| show | Seeds are too expensive for poor farmers to use; in part becase they are often sterile and need to be purchased each year
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| What may be developed due to the increased resistance of GMOs? | show 🗑
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| What is one issue consumers face regarding GMOs? | show 🗑
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| show | Africa is resistant to adopting American made GMOs because Europe won’t import foods with potential GMO links
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| show | Plants or animals are modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species
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| How are organic foods grown? | show 🗑
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| Compared to GMOs what is an economic drawback of organic products? | show 🗑
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| What are locovores? | show 🗑
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| show | Pros – uses less fossil fuel in transportation; supports local farmers
Cons - inefficient
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| What is aquaculture? | show 🗑
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| show | People turning to aquaculture to make up for the loss of aquatic life
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| What produces 50% of the world's seafood? | show 🗑
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| show | Aquaculture is fastest
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| What has led to aquatic life in many lakes and parts of the ocean to become depleted? | show 🗑
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| show | When the farm fish are able to interact with the environment
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| show | The high density of domesticated fish means disease and parasites can spread quickly and move to the wild
Chemicals and antibiotics used to stop disease and parasites enters the ecosystem
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| show | Disrupts the economy of traditional fisherman
Farms owned by agribusinesses may unethically exploit local farmers and the local environment
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| show | Fish can escape the pens and breed (GMOS?) or compete with native stock
Excess feed and fish waste can produce bad levels of organic matter in the ocean
Fish farms produce fish high in pesticides and antibiotics that are harmful to consumers
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| What are pesticides and herbicides? | show 🗑
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| show | Given to animals to promote growth; there are growing concerns regarding the impact on consumers.
Potential for increased risk of cancers; precocious puberty
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| What do chemical fertilizers? | show 🗑
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| show | The practice of growing the same single crop year after year
🗑
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| show | creates a loss of biodiversity
farmers abandon older varieties
Creating the need for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault
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| What is 70% of freshwater used for? | show 🗑
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| show | Waste – overwatering, leaky pipes, farming in the desert
Excessive irrigation can lead to salinization
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| show | An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems. It is often recognized by the discoloration in the water from the algae's pigments
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| What has greatly increased the incidence of blooms? | show 🗑
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| What are the potential effects of blooms? | show 🗑
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| show | Globally, women make up about 40% of the agricultural workforce.
In areas of subsistence farming they make up about 70%.
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| Historically, what was the role of women in agriculture? | show 🗑
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| show | Men migrate to urban centers in search of employment. The women stay home and work on their farms with the children.
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| In rural markets what roles might a woman typically serve? | show 🗑
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| show | They've gotten pushed out of agricultural work
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| What happens to a society's food consumption as it progresses in the DTM? | show 🗑
|
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| In the later stages of the DTM it is often that both people in a relationship will work, what has this done to food consumption in these areas? | show 🗑
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| show | Cake mixes vs. preparing from scratch
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|
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| In 2015, for the first time in history, Americans' food consumption changed how? | show 🗑
|
||||
| Does neocolonialism influence agriculture? | show 🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
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To hide a column, click on the column name.
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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