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AP Hu Geo U5 P.1 A2
Attempt 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is extensive land use? | Uses a large area; low inputs of labor; low output |
| What is intensive land use? | Uses a small area; high inputs of labor; high output |
| What was the first agricultural revolution? | ~12,000 years ago Also known as the Neolithic Revolution 1st Domestication of plants and animals Hallmarks: mostly subsistence, simple tools, manual labor |
| What were the results of the first agricultural revolution? | Increased food supply, increased population, increased population density, increased disease, increased inequality. This revolution occurred independently in agricultural hearths. |
| What is a proper description of the agricultural hearths of the first agricultural revolution? | The hearths led to the first urban centers, which grew into the first civilizations. The main hearths are: Fertile Crescent and the Nile, Indus River Valley, Southeast Asia, Central America |
| What was the Columbian Exchange? | Starts in 1492 The global diffusion of plants and animals between Afro-Eurasia and the Americas |
| What had to accompany the industrial revolution? | A change in the countryside |
| What was the enclosure movement? | Laws enacted (starting in Britain) that allowed for more private ownership of the commons. Wealthy farmers could now purchase and enclose lands that had once been used by poor peasants |
| What did the enclosure movement do to the underclasses? | It made farming nearly impossible and pushed them to the cities to fight for new industrial jobs |
| When did the second agricultural revolution begin? | The 1700s (just after the industrial revolution) |
| What were the hallmarks of the second agricultural revolution? | Mechanization, transportation improvements, refrigeration, natural fertilizers, soil science, increased selective breeding of plants and animals, large scale irrigation projects |
| What were the results of the second agricultural revolution? | Increased food supply, better diets, longer life spans, increased urbanization, increased population, increased population density (in cities), increased inequality |
| What were two main impacts of the second agricultural revolution? | Fewer, larger, and more productive farms Major decline in the necessity for large numbers of farm laborers |
| What was a new and effective form of fencing in the second agricultural revolution? | Barbed wire |
| What was the third agricultural revolution? | Rapid advances in agriculture starting in the 1960s These advances are known as the Green Revolution |
| What were the hallmarks of the third agricultural revolution? | The development of higher-yielding, disease-resistant, and faster growing varieties of grains; double-cropping; increased use of fertilizers and pesticides; agribusiness model, industrial agriculture, factory farms; hybrids; GMOs |
| Who was Norman Borlaug? | The man credited with triggering the Green Revolution |
| What were the results of the third agricultural revolution? | Massive yield increases between 1960 and 2000 according to the UN Food and Agricultural Organization - Wheat – 206% ^ Corn – 157% ^ - Rice – 109% ^ Potatoes – 78% ^ On Average: 1962 – 1 farmer fed 26 people 2000s – 1 farmer fed 155 people |
| What did the technology of the third agricultural revolution do? | Increased carrying capacity and the ability to operate at an economy of scale |
| How are hybrids produced? | Breeding two plants that have desirable characteristics |
| What are some traits of hybrid produce? | Have been done since the 1st Agricultural Revolution Now agricultural scientists have access to varieties from across the globe Seeds produced by them are often infertile |
| What are GMOs? | A crop whose genetic structure has been altered to make it more useful and efficient for human purposes |
| What are the pros and cons of GMOs? | Pros: Increased yield, disease resistant, herbicide resistant Cons: Potential problems have not been adequately studied |
| What are three crops grown in the USA that are grown mainly in GMO varieties? | Corn, soybeans, and cotton |
| Where did most of the research for the Green Revolution originate? | Universities in the developed world using government grants |
| Who created and marketed the products farmers used in the Green Revolution? | For-profit corporations |
| What were some positive economic effects of the Green Revolution? | People in poverty benefited due to increased access to food, but it also benefited universities and corporations in the developed world. The Green Revolution drastically lowered the cost of wheat, corn, and rice for the second half of the 20th century. |
| What happened in 2005? | Global food prices started rising |
| What are poor farmers forced to do because of the Green Revolution and GMOs | They pay relatively large amounts of money to Western corporations for the annual seeds and fertilizers required to grow the often copyrighted superfoods |
| What are some cons of the Green Revolution? | Environmental damage Lack of sustained investment Disregard for local needs |
| What part of the Green Revolution has led to soil erosion? | Double cropping and aggressive irrigation |
| What has the intensity of land use in association with the Green Revolution done? | Drained many soils of their natural nutrients leading to increased reliance on man-made fertilizers. This is expensive for farmers, has led to polluted drinking water, species extinction, and health issues for local populations. |
| What has the increased mechanization in association with the Green Revolution done? | Air, water, and sound pollution. |
| Who was impacted most by the Green Revolution? | The developing world |
| In the developing world in what areas did men receive further dominance because of the green revolution and why? | Men typically dominated the economic, political, and social spheres in these countries. |
| In the developing world why did men receive further dominance in some areas because of the Green Revolution? | Men normally received the training on the new machinery and methods. The exclusion of women further marginalized their roles. |
| In the beginning, what funded the Green Revolution? | Private and public investments |
| Who greatly supported the transfer of new technologies in the Green Revolution? | Corporations and governments |
| When did government funding for the Green Revolution dry up? | The same time the price of production increased |
| When government funding for the Green Revolution dried up what happened? | The rising costs of seeds, machinery, fertilizers, and pesticides were passed on to farmers. With shrinking profit margins corporations curtailed their investments in the Green Revolution. |
| What did the Green Revolution do to the DTM? | Sped it up |
| During the Green Revolution why were many farmers pushed off their lands? | Mechanization and the cost of agriculture increasing (Part of the Green Revolution and the DTM) |
| During the Green Revolution what resulted in rising labor costs and a worker shortage in rural areas? | Farmers being pushed off their land. (Part of the Green Revolution and the DTM) |
| Where was the Green Revolution very successful? | The West, Latin America, and Asia |
| What area saw very few successes from the Green Revolution? | Africa |
| Why did the Green Revolution see the degree of success it did in Africa? | Diverse soils and climates. Seed and fertilizer development for the region was complicated and expensive. Harsh conditions Staple Crops were usually not included in research hybridization programs. Political turmoil complicated rollout of new techs |
| What are the harsh environmental conditions that challenged technologies and workers and that affected the Green Revolution in Africa? | Insects, plants, and viral strains |
| What are some of Africa's staple crops? | Sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, cowpeas, and peanuts |
| Where does Africa's population growth rank compared to other regions in recent times? | Highest |
| What has largely led to increased instability and food insecurity in modern-day Africa? | High population growth and lack of a Green Revolution |
| What are the two driving forces behind agricultural decisions? | Physical geography and economics |
| What does physical geography question for agricultural decisions? | Climate, soil types, and precipitation levels |
| What does economics question for agricultural decisions? | Is it profitable |
| What is subsistence agriculture? | Farmers focus on raising the food they need to survive |
| What is commercial agriculture? | Farmers focus on raising one specific crop to sell for profit |
| Where is intensive commercial farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | Location: usually near urban centers or transportation hubs Examples: truck farming and dairy farming Inputs: large amounts of labor and machinery, often on large tracts of land |
| Where is intensive subsistence farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | Location: usually near densely populated areas with access to local markets Examples: farmers who grow a wide variety of crops such as corn, cassava, millet, or yams and raise some livestock Inputs: often labor-intensive production on small plots |
| Where is extensive commercial farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | Location: usually near transportation centers with access to processing centers Examples: livestock ranching; some grain farming Inputs: minimal amount of labor and machinery on large expanses of land |
| Where is extensive subsistence farming typically located, what are some examples, and what are some inputs? | Location: usually in sparsely populated areas with access to local markets Examples: pastoral nomadism and shifting cultivation Inputs: minimal amount of machinery, but sometimes labor-intensive work on a large lands that might be owned communally |
| What are pastoral nomads? | Nomads that move their herds to different pastures within their territory |
| Where are pastoral nomads typically found? | Arid and semi-arid regions |
| Upon what do pastoral nomads rely? | animals for survival; cattle (East Africa), goats, camels (the Middle East), reindeer (Siberia, Finland), yaks, sheep, and horses provide milk for food and hides. |
| What things have caused the decline of pastoral nomadism? | The DTM, technological change, the attractiveness of modern lifestyles, and government policies that discourage this style of land use |
| Who are the Sami People? | Reindeer herders in Finland |
| What policies/decisions have lead to the decline of pastoral nomadism? | Governments are more protective of borders and pasture is increasing being used by agribusinesses and mining and petroleum interests |
| What are some other names for shifting cultivation? | Slash and Burn Agriculture or Swidden Agriculture |
| What is one of the oldest forms of agriculture? | Shifting cultivation |
| Where does shifting cultivation typically take place? | Usually tropical climate regions? |
| What does shifting cultivation entail? | Farmers clear the land by burning vegetation; this enriches nutrient-poor soil by adding nitrogen to it. The land is planted until the soil is less fertile. The farmers then move to a new plot and repeat. The farmland eventually reverts back to wild. |
| What are some products used in Slash and Burn Agriculture? | Rice (SE Asia), Maize (Latin America), millet and sorghum (sub-Saharan Africa) are common crops although most of this farming is subsistence agriculture so there is a wide variety of crops grown |
| What is Swidden Agriculture often viewed as? | Destructive or primitive |
| What is a location wherein Swidden Agriculture is used? | Laos |
| What is shifting cultivation linked to? | The destruction of the rain forests and climate change. It worked for thousands of years until population growth inhibited sustainability |
| What do defenders of shifting cultivation say about it? | That it is the best style of agriculture for the tropics |
| Where are plantations typically used? | In the tropics; hot, humid climates with substantial precipitation (note this takes place in areas that are typically associated with subsistence) |
| What is a plantation? | A large commercial farm that specializes in one crop. The crops are usually labor intensive and exploit cheap labor. Sometimes processing occurs nearby to reduce transportation costs. |
| What crops are typically grown on plantations? | Coffee, cocoa, rubber, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, tea, coconuts, palm oil, and cotton |
| Where is Mixed Farming (Crop/Livestock) used typically? | The US, Europe, Argentina |
| What is Mixed Farming? | Crops and livestock are located near each other. The livestock are fattened on the grains grown for slaughter or dairy. The manure is used as fertilizer. In the US, the grains commonly used are corn and soybeans. |
| What does mixed farming do? | Allows farmers to work year-round and creates a more steady income flow |
| Where is grain farming typically located? | Regions too dry for mixed crop agriculture, China, India, and Russia are the world’s top wheat producers. The USA is 4th. |
| What is done in grain farming? | Farmers often raise wheat in lands that used to be prairie or plains. These grains are mostly consumed by people. |
| What is Spring Wheat? | Planted in early spring and harvested in early autumn. Grown in colder regions like the Dakotas and Canada |
| What is Winter Wheat? | Planted in the fall and harvested in early summer. Grown in warmer environments Kansas, Colorado, and Oklahoma |
| What are some alternative names for commercial gardening? | Market gardening, truck gardening, or fruit farming |
| Where is commercial gardening typically located? | SE United States, American Southwest, areas with long growing seasons |
| What is commercial gardening? | In the US farmers produce lettuce, broccoli, apples, oranges, and tomatoes Most of the products are now sold to companies for canning or freezing |
| What are growing seasons? | A growing season is the time period when the weather allows plants to grow. They vary by regions and plants. The U.S. state of Alaska has an average growing season of only 105 days. But the season's 24-hour-sunlight, produce can grow to huge proportions |
| Where is most dairy farming located? | Most commercial dairies are located in the USA, Canada, and Europe; traditionally this was localized due to the perishable nature of the product. This pattern still exists in the developing world |
| What are dairy farms? | Farms that specialize in the production of milk and dairy products |
| What are milksheds? | The ring surrounding a city from which milk can be supplied without spoiling |
| What has happened to small, local, family-owned dairy farms and what has happened to the dairy industry as a result? | Large corporate dairies have largely replaced them. This decreased the number of farms, but increased dairy production |
| Where is the Mediterranean? | In regions with hot-dry summers, mild winters, narrow valleys, and ample irrigation. Circling the Mediterranean, California, SW Australia, Chile |
| What is typically grown in the Mediterranean? | Figs, dates, olives, and grapes |
| What is Transhumance? | The seasonal herding of animals in higher elevations in summer and lower elevations in the winter. Typically sheep and goats |
| Who typically practices transhumance? | Herders in the Mediterranean |
| Who is now the world's largest producer of meat? | China |
| Where is livestock ranching typically found? | Found in areas too dry for growing crops. The Western US, pampas in Argentina, southern Brazil, Spain and Portugal, China, Australia |
| What is livestock ranching? | Commercial grazing of animals confined to a specific area. Recent growth in ranching has occurred mostly in the developing world which accounts for 2/3 of meat production |
| What is forcing farmers to use land more intensely? | Demographic and economic forces |
| What are the demographic forces affecting the land use of farmers? | More people need to be fed and there is increased global demand for products…this has put a strain on land use. This is leading to food security issues and environmental degradation. This is especially true in the developing world. |
| What is an economic force affecting the land use of farmers? | The increasing demand for meat in fast food and changing diets |
| What are agribusinesses? | Transnational corporations that are involved in agriculture |
| What is monoculture? | The raising of a single cash crop on large plots of land. |
| What does large-scale farming usually practice? | Monoculture? |
| What are the effects of agribusinesses? | They operate at an economy of scale that makes it difficult for independent farmers to keep up. They often operate as vertical monopolies. Farmers in developing countries can’t compete with those that are located in the wealthier states. |
| How do agribusinesses use their monopolies? | Controlling the growth of the product, processing, production, transportation, marketing, retail, research and development of products. |
| What is the Commodity Chain? | The process used by corporations to gather resources and transform them into goods and transport them to consumers |
| What are the steps of the commodity chain? | 1) Raw materials 2) Supplier 3) Manufacturing 4) Distribution 5) Customer 6) Consumer |
| What is the difference between a customer and a consumer? | Customer is the one who is purchasing the goods. Consumer is the one who is the end user of any goods or services. Consumers are unable to resell any product or service. Customers need to purchase a product or service in order to use it. |
| What is the commodity chain of corn? | 1) Planting – seeds, fertilizer, water 2) Growing – fertile land, water 3) Harvesting – dried and stored until processed 4) Processing – packaged or used to create other products 5) Marketing – sold for animal feed, human food, or other uses |
| What does the life of cattle look like? | When they are young, they are often allowed to roam and feed on grass in large ranches. When they reach maturity, they are sent to feedlots or CAFOs |
| What are CAFOs | Concentrated animal feeding operations Animals in CAFOs are kept in high-density settings and are fattened for market. The lack of movement resulting from the cramped conditions is actually encouraged to help animals gain weight faster. |
| What do clustered rural settlement patterns look like? | Families live in close proximity to each other. Agricultural based community – hamlet or village; composed of houses and farm buildings Fields surround the community Strong sense of community Easy to share services like schools. |
| Where are clustered rural settlements typically found? | The European countryside |
| What do dispersed rural settlement patterns look like? | Farmers live on their own, individual farms Isolated, spread out community |
| Where are dispersed rural settlements typically found? | Typically found in North America Farmers were spread out due to how the governments of the USA and Canada gave land to farmers |
| What do linear rural settlement patterns look like? | Buildings run along a fixed landscape Ex. Roads, rivers, canals Resulting in a straight line landscape |
| What is a survey? | An examination and recording of the area and features of (an area of land) so as to construct a map, plan, or description; used to measure and divide land |
| What are some locations where Metes and Bounds were/are used? | England and early North American settlements |
| What are metes? | Used for short distances |
| What are bounds? | Cover large areas based on larger features, streams or roads |
| What are some examples of metes and bounds? | “from the oak tree”, “100 yards north”, “to the corner of the barn |
| Where is the township and range survey method used? | USA; used the Public Land Survey System in 1785 |
| What is the township and range survey method used for? | The government divided land into townships that were 6 miles long by 6 miles wide. Each square mile was a section that could be further divided into smaller lots Sections were reserved for schools and railway lines |
| Where is the long lot survey method used? | French holdings in North America. Louisiana, Quebec, St. Genevieve, Missouri |
| What was the long lot system used for? | To give more farmers access to waterways |
| How should one analyze an image? | 1. Divide the image into a quartered grid – this will allow you to deeply focus on parts of the image with fewer distractions 2. Look for signs of culture 3. Look for signs of globalization |
| What are some signs of culture? | Symbols (especially religious) Language Ethnicity Gender ESPeN |
| Who was Johann von Thunen? | A German economist and farm owner in the early 1800s He suggested that there was a pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods. |
| What were the assumptions of Johann von Thunen? | - farmers were in business for profit - there is ONE market where farmers sold their produce - the market is located in an isotropic plain |
| What is an isotropic plain? | A flat and featureless plain |
| What did Johann von Thunen believe? | That decisions regarding what to produce were based largely upon transportation costs which are proportional to the distance from the market. |
| What are some rules regarding agricultural land use in accordance with Johann von Thunen and Distance Decay? | The closer to market the more expensive the land; the further the cheaper Land use is more intense closer to the market Perishable products are grown close to the market |
| In Thunen's model what is the central city? | Where the only market is located |
| In Thunen's model what is the first zone? | Horticulture- intensive forms of agriculture: Market gardening and dairy |
| What do the farms located in the first zone of Thunen's model look like? | Small due to the intensive nature of the work |
| Why does the first zone of Thunen's model look the way it does? | The items produced are perishable, so the farmer would need to get them to market quickly. This was especially true before refrigeration |
| What is the second zone of Thunen's model? | Forests |
| How are the zones in Thunen's model ordered? | In order of distance from the central city (first is closest) |
| Why was wood important in Thunen's day? | It was used as a building material and as a fuel |
| Why did wood products need to be in the zone they were in in Thunen's model? | They were important, but heavy and difficult to transport |
| What is the third zone of Thunen's model? | Grains/Increasingly extensive field crops |
| What are some crops grown in the third ring of Thunen's model? | Wheat and corn |
| Why are wheat and corn located where they are in Thunen's model? | Though extremely important, they are not as perishable |
| What is the fourth zone of Thunen's model? | Grazing/ranching and animal products |
| What does the fourth zone of Thunen's model look like? | Less intensive and the animals could walk to market when they are ready to be s old. Far from market and this style of farming is extensive in nature. |
| What is the bid rent curve? | The theory that the rent at any location is equal to the value of its product minus production costs and transport costs. Each type of farmer is willing to pay more closer to the market, but how much they will pay varies with the agricultural activity. |
| What is the waste in the bid rent curve/Thunen's model | The area too far from the market to be profitable. |
| Can Von Thunen's model only be applied to agriculture? | No it can be applied beyond the topic of agriculture. This model influenced Alfred Weber’s industrial location model that will be discussed in our next unit. |
| What has happened to Von Thunen's model over-time? | This model still works even though agricultural technologies, crops, and conditions have all drastically changed. |
| What shape is Von Thunen's model? | Typically circular though it is not necessarily that exact. It may simply be rounded. What is necessary is that the model radiates in some way from a central district |
| What does Von Thunen's model expect? | An isotropic world One market |
| What are some potential agricultural competitive advantages afforded to some regions by physical features? | Better soils Located on a river |
| How have important products in the Von Thunen model changed? | Wood isn’t nearly as important today. Although this ring is valued as a greenbelt. Dairy isn’t just milk. Cheese has a long shelf-life. |
| What types of crops don't fit Von Thunen's model? | Specialty crops like citrus |
| What is something that heavily interferes with the efficacy of the Von Thunen model today? | Transportation changes Most flowers in NYC now come from the Caribbean; highly perishable goods can travel distances unthinkable in this model. |
| How can investors interfere with Von Thunen's model? | They sometimes buy land near cities and farm it (hay) using little investment. They hold the land until they can flip it or develop it. |
| What must be remembered about models? | No single one is perfect, but they can be used to gain understanding |
| What is desertification? | The transition of land from fertile to desert; this can happen naturally or as a result of human actions One region particularly prone to desertification is the Sahel. |
| What changes has the environment undergone as a result of modern farming? | Forests have replaced fields and are unlikely to return to their natural state and have been altered by chemical fertilizers. Wetlands have been drained causing greater flooding. Conflicts over water rights rising. Overgrazing led to desertification. |
| What are some examples of areas where water right conflicts are a problem? | Nile and Colorado Rivers |
| What is the Aral Sea? | Borders Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan Once the 4th largest lake in the world During the Soviet Era massive irrigation projects took water from the lake – mostly for cotton 40,000 sq km of lake disappeared – that’s about the size of Switzerland |
| What happened after the irrigation of the Aral Sea? | Health problems, loss of livelihood, ecological disaster Ban Ki-moon, the former UN Secretary General called it “one of the planet's worst environmental disasters" |
| What is deforestation? | The removal of large tracts of forest |
| What are the advantages of terracing? | Planting, tending, and harvesting is easier; the land collects rainfall rather than letting it run down the slopes; reduced erosion |
| What are the disadvantages of terracing? | Significant labor to build and maintain; artificial landscape |
| Where does terracing occur? | East Asia (rice), North Africa (fruit and olive trees), South America (potatoes and maize) |
| What is irrigation? | The process of diverting water from its natural course or location to aid in the production of crops |
| What are the advantages of irrigation? | Provides crops with an essential need |
| What are the disadvantages of irrigation? | disrupts the natural drainage of water; reduces the normal regeneration of soils caused by natural flooding; salinization; the overuse of ground water can result in land subsidence |
| What is subsidence? | The compaction of soil and rock when waters are removed; commonly occurs with the overuse of ground water |
| What two areas of the US use irrigation extensively? | California – Central and Imperial Valley Ogallala Aquifer – Nebraska to northern Texas |
| What uses 80% of California's water? | Agriculture |
| How much water does the average American consume per day? | The average American consumes around 40 gallons of California water per day The average American consumes 1,300 gallons of water per day through food consumption |
| What is an area in America where there are major water shortages? | Both California and the area served by the Ogallala Aquifer are facing major water shortages which will drastically impact American agriculture |
| What 3 goals do agricultural scientists constantly aim for? | 1. Increase yields to feed more people 2. Improve the nutritional value of foods 3. Increase the profits of farming |
| What are some facts about GMOs? | GMOs are more nutritious, resistant to extreme weather and pests, and take longer to spoil The majority of scientists think they're safe to consume GMOs are only widely used in the US, Brazil, and Argentina Europe has strong restrictions against GMOs |
| What is a problem GMOs pose for poor farmers? | Seeds are too expensive for poor farmers to use; in part becase they are often sterile and need to be purchased each year |
| What may be developed due to the increased resistance of GMOs? | Super-pests or super-weeds |
| What is one issue consumers face regarding GMOs? | The long-term impact is unknown |
| What is an issue regarding export and GMOs? | Africa is resistant to adopting American made GMOs because Europe won’t import foods with potential GMO links |
| How are GMOs made? | Plants or animals are modified by extracting genes of one species and inserting them into the DNA of another species |
| How are organic foods grown? | Without the use of pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or any other unnatural processes. Many believe it is better for the environment |
| Compared to GMOs what is an economic drawback of organic products? | Farming is more labor-intensive than other forms of farming. This makes the food produced considerably more expensive. |
| What are locovores? | a participant in the “eat local” movement; closely associated with the organic movement |
| What are the pros and cons of locovores? | Pros – uses less fossil fuel in transportation; supports local farmers Cons - inefficient |
| What is aquaculture? | T the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions. The practice has been common in China and SE Asia for thousands of years and is now rapidly spreading. |
| What is the Blue Revolution? | People turning to aquaculture to make up for the loss of aquatic life |
| What produces 50% of the world's seafood? | Aquaculture produces it |
| What is the fastest growing form of food production in the world? | Aquaculture is fastest |
| What has led to aquatic life in many lakes and parts of the ocean to become depleted? | Overfishing has led to it |
| What is an open-pen system? | When the farm fish are able to interact with the environment |
| What are disease related issues associated with open-pen aquaculture? | The high density of domesticated fish means disease and parasites can spread quickly and move to the wild Chemicals and antibiotics used to stop disease and parasites enters the ecosystem |
| What are economic related issue associated with open-pen aquaculture? | Disrupts the economy of traditional fisherman Farms owned by agribusinesses may unethically exploit local farmers and the local environment |
| What are some non-disease and non-economic issues with open-pen aquaculture? | Fish can escape the pens and breed (GMOS?) or compete with native stock Excess feed and fish waste can produce bad levels of organic matter in the ocean Fish farms produce fish high in pesticides and antibiotics that are harmful to consumers |
| What are pesticides and herbicides? | Chemical products designed to kill unwanted plants or insects that leak into the natural environment when used improperly; can damage other lifeforms |
| What are antibiotics and growth hormones used for in agriculture/what do they do? | Given to animals to promote growth; there are growing concerns regarding the impact on consumers. Potential for increased risk of cancers; precocious puberty |
| What do chemical fertilizers? | Contaminates water supplies, environmental damage, algal blooms |
| What are monocultures? | The practice of growing the same single crop year after year |
| What does using monocultures cause? | creates a loss of biodiversity farmers abandon older varieties Creating the need for the Svalbard Global Seed Vault |
| What is 70% of freshwater used for? | For agriculture |
| What are two common occurrences with irrigation? | Waste – overwatering, leaky pipes, farming in the desert Excessive irrigation can lead to salinization |
| What are blooms? | An algal bloom or algae bloom is a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in freshwater or marine water systems. It is often recognized by the discoloration in the water from the algae's pigments |
| What has greatly increased the incidence of blooms? | Overuse of agricultural chemicals and climate change |
| What are the potential effects of blooms? | Can be deadly for fish and other water life |
| What is the role of women in agriculture today? | Globally, women make up about 40% of the agricultural workforce. In areas of subsistence farming they make up about 70%. |
| Historically, what was the role of women in agriculture? | Women have played a major role in agriculture since our species started farming |
| In terms of agriculture and employment what does the developing world look like? | Men migrate to urban centers in search of employment. The women stay home and work on their farms with the children. |
| In rural markets what roles might a woman typically serve? | Often as the sellers of food |
| Mechanization has done what to women in agriculture? | They've gotten pushed out of agricultural work |
| What happens to a society's food consumption as it progresses in the DTM? | People consume less of what they grow |
| In the later stages of the DTM it is often that both people in a relationship will work, what has this done to food consumption in these areas? | People now purchase more convenience foods Companies are now doing research to making convenience foods that look good, are tasty, and healthy People are eating out more than ever |
| What are is an example of the change to convenience food in some societies? ? | Cake mixes vs. preparing from scratch |
| In 2015, for the first time in history, Americans' food consumption changed how? | Americans spent more money eating out than on groceries |
| Does neocolonialism influence agriculture? | Yes, it often does |
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Joshuaemer
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