Genes and Heredity
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| Heredity | Passing traits from parents to offspring
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| Dominant Allele | An allele whose trait always shows up in the classification of organisms
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| Recessive Allele | An allele that is hidden whenever the dominant allele is present
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| Probability | A number that describes how likely it is that a particular event will occur
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| Genotype | An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations
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| Phenotype | An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits
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| Chromosome | A threadlike structure within a cell's nucleus that contains DNA that is passed from one generation to the next
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| Cell Cycle | The series of events of which a cell grows prepares for division, and divides into two daughter cells
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| Pedigree | A tool that geneticists use to map out the inheritance of traits
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| Meiosis | The process that occurs in the formation sex cells (sperm and egg) by which the number of chromosomes is reduced by half
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| Chromatids | The structure formed when a chromosome divides during meiosis
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| Mitosis | The second stage of the cell cycle during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei and one set of DNA is distributed into each daughter cell
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| DNA | The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from the parent to the offspring
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| Protein Synthesis | The process of which amino acids link together to form proteins
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| Messenger RNA | Type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to ribosomes in the cytoplasm
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| Transfer RNA | Type of RNA in the cytoplasm that carries and amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis
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| Variation | Any difference between individuals of the same species
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| Sex Chromosomes | The pair of chromosomes carrying genes that determine whether a person is biologically male or female
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| Autosomal Chromosomes | The 22 pairs of chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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| Mutation | Any change in the DNA of a gene or a chromosome
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| Sex-linked Genes | A gene carried on a sex chromosome
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| Artificial Selection | The process of which humans breed only those organisms with the desired traits to produce the next generation; selective breeding
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| Genetic Engineering | The transfer of the DNA from one organism into another organism in order to get the desired traits
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| Gene Therapy | The process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder
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| Clone | An organism that is genetically identical to the organism from which it was produced
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| Genome | The complete set of genetic information that an organism carries in its DNA
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