Unit 3: The Industrial Revolution
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| machinery | a group of large machines
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| death rate/mortality rate | the number of deaths every year for a particular population
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| nutrition | food that is needed to grow and be healthy
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| advance | progress or development
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| wheat | a plant grown for its grain that is used to produce the flour for bread, cakes, pasta, etc.
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| turnip | a round white, or white and purple, root vegetable
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| barley | a plant grown for its grain that is used for making food, beer and whisky
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| clover | a small wild plant that usually has three leaves on each stem
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| manure | the waste matter from animals that is spread over the soil to help plants grow
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| iron plough | a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before planting
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| peasant | a poor agricultural labourer of low social status
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| fodder | food, especially dried hay or straw, for domestic animals
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| income | money received on a regular basis for work
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| infrastructure | the basic systems and services, such as transport and power supplies, that a country uses in order to work effectively
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| tariff | a tax imposed by one country on the goods and services imported from another country
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| coal | a black rock consisting of carbonized plant matter, used as fuel
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| tool | a piece of equipment that you use to help you do a job
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| manufacture | make something on a large scale using machinery
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| raw material | the basic material from which a product is made
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| spinning | the act of producing thread from short lengths of fiber
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| weaving | a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of threads are interlaced to form a fabric
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| blast furnace | a large structure in which iron ore is heated under pressure so that it melts and the pure iron metal separates
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| wrought iron | strong pure iron that could be bent easily to make chains and other products
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| steamboat | a boat that has an engine powered by steam
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| steam engine | an engine in which the energy of hot steam is converted into mechanical power
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| locomotive | a train car that pulls the other cars along the track
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| industrialisation | the process of transforming the economy from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing
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| combustion engine | a heat engine that was used to power automobiles
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| pharmaceutical | any kind of drug used for medicinal purposes
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| synthetics | fabric made of artificial materials
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| pass laws | to approve new rules in a country's government
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| attempt | an effort to achieve something or complete a difficult task
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| railway network | the whole system of railway lines in a country
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| corporation | a large company or group of companies
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| life expectancy | the number of years that a person may expect to live
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| rural population | people living in the countryside
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| leisure | the use of free time for enjoyment
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| journal | a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or field
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| wealth | an abundance of valuable possessions or money
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| tradesman | 1. a man who buys and sells goods 2. a skilled worker that specializes in a particular trade or craft
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| right of assembly | the right to hold public meetings or gatherings without the government interfering
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| trade union | an organized association of workers in a profession, formed to protect their rights and interests
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| anarchist | a person who rebels against any authority or ruling power
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| association | a group of people organized for a joint purpose
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| mass production | the industrial technique to produce large quantities of similar products in constant flow on production lines
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