Cardiovascular Ch 21
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| capillaries | site of exchange with tissues; substances move thru by diffusion
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| continuous capillaries | no gaps between endothelial cells, no fenestrae; less permeable to large molecules. (muscle and nervous tissue)
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| fenestrated capillaries | porous and endothelial cells have fenestrae; highly permeable;
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| sinusoidal capillaries | large diameter w/large fenestrae & less basement membrane, allow large molecules to pass (endocrine glands)
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| sinusoids | larger diameter sinusoidals; (liver, bone marrow)
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| capillary network | blood flows from arterioles thru meatarterioles then thru cap. network; sphincters and smooth muslce regulate flow
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| elastic artery | conductors; largest diameter; high pressure that fluctuates between systolic and distolic
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| muscular artery | smooth muscle regulates blood flow by constricting or dialating; most smaller unnamed arteries
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| arterioles | transfer blood from small arteries to capillaries; like smalll arteries
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| venules | drain capillary network
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| medium veins | go between small and large veins
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| large veins | thin tunica intima
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| tunica intima | internal elastic membrane
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| tunica media | smooth muscle cells around blood vessel; vasoconstriction and dilation
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| tunica externa | connective tissue
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| valves | formed by overlapping flaps in intima; any vein over 2mm has them; more found in veins of lower extremities
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| nerve supply | unmyelinated sympathetic nerve fibers form plexi in tunica adventia :vasoconstriction; parasympathetic inervate penis and clitoris
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| arteriosclerosis | degeneratiopnal changes in arteries making them less elastic
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| artheriosclerosis | plaque deposited in walls
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| pulmonary circulation | from R ventricle to pulmonary trunk->divides into pulmonary arteries; 2 pulm arteries exit each lung and enter L atrium
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| systemic circulation | aorta exits left ventricle and devides into ascending aorta (coronary arteries branch out), aortic arch, and descending aorta and blood flows to body. Veins return blood to heart from body
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| laminar flow | streamline, interior of blood vessel is smooth and equal diameter; outer layer moves slowest and inner fastest
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| turbulent flow | interrupted, flow rate exceeds critical velocity; fluid passes a constriction, sharp turn; contributes to heart sounds
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| blood pressure | measure of force exerted by blood against the wall; moves blood thru vessels; measure by listening to korotkoff sounds: turbulent flow in arteries as pressure is released from blood pressure cuff
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| flow formula | (p1-p2)/r-pie(p1-p2)r4/8vl
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| poiseuille's law | flow decreases when resistance increases
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| resistance | size of blood vessel diameter
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| viscocity | resistance of liquid to flow; as viscocity increases pressure required to flow increases; infuenced by hemocrit( % of RBCs making up blood volume); dehydration or too many RBCs can increase velocity
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| factors effecting blood flow | viscocity, resistance, pressure, length of vessel
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| Net filtration pressure (NFP) | force responsible for moving fluids across capillary walls; effected by hydrostatic and osmostatic pressure (net hydro-net osmo) (pressure in and out).
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| net hydrostatic pressure | blood pressure-interstisial fluid pressure(bp-ifp)
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| net osmotic pressue | blood colloid osmotic pressure-interstisial fluid osmotic pressure(bcop-icop)
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| venous tone | continual state of partial contraction of veins due to sympathetic stimulation
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| effect of gravity on BP | in standing position hydrostatic pressure caused by gravity increases BP above heart and decreases BP above heart
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| local control of blood flow | vasodialtion and precapillary sphincters can increase blood flow 7-8%; capillaries become more dense in areas with regular increased metabolic rate
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| nervous regulation of blood flow | minute to minute regulation of local circulation; sympathetic most important; vasomotor center in lower pons contributes to norepinephrine and epinephrine release
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| baroreceptor reflexes | change peripheral distance, heart rate, and stroke volume in response to changes in blood pressure
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| chemoreceptor reflexes | sensory receptors senstivie to o2, co2 and ph levels of blood
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| CNS ischemic response | high co2 or low ph levels in medulla increases peripheral resistance
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| renin-angiotesin-aldersteron mechanism | low BP stimulates kidneys-> renin hormone-> angiotenin1-> angiotensin convertin enzyme->angiotenin2 goes to adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone, which absorbs sodium and water, which increases blood volume and thus BP
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| vasopressin (adh) mechanism | adh->kidneys, water is obsorbed
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| atrial natriueretic hormone | released from cardiac muscle cells when atrial blood pressure increases-> increase in urine production-> decrease in blood volume and pressure
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| fluid shift | movement of fluid from interstitial spaces into capillaries in response to increased blood pressure
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