chapter 4 Cell Struc
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| cell wall | rigid cell covering comprised of various molecules that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell
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| central vacuole | large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell’s storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation
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| chlorophyll | green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis
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| centrosome | region in animal cells made of two centrioles that serves as an organizing center for microtubules
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| chromatin | protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes' building material
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| chromosome | structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material
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| cilium (plural = cilia) | short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and functions to move an entire cell or move substances along the cell's outer surface
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| cytoplasm | entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals
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| cytosol | the cytoplasm's gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended
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| desmosome | linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments
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| endomembrane system | group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins
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| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids
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| extracellular matrix | material secreted from animal or fungal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue
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| flagellum (plural = flagella) | long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and moves the cell
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| gap junction | channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate
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| Golgi apparatus | eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution
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| intermediate filament | cytoskeletal component, comprised of several fibrous protein intertwined strands, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures
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| lysosome | organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles
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| microfilament | the cytoskeleton system's narrowest element; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements
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| microtubule | the cytoskeleton system's widest element; it helps the cell resist compression, provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia
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| mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) | cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule
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| nuclear envelope | double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus' outermost portion
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| nucleoid | central part of a prokaryotic cell's central part where the chromosome is located
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| nucleolus | darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosome subunits
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| nucleoplasm | semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus
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| nucleus | cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis
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| organelle | compartment or sac within a cell
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| peroxisome | small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons
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| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the cell's internal content from its surrounding environment
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| plasmodesma (plural = plasmodesmata) | channel that passes between adjacent plant cells' cell walls, connects their cytoplasm, and allows transporting of materials from cell to cell
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| prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle
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| ribosome | the cellular structure that carries out protein syn
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| rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis
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| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals (like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants), and stores calcium ions
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| tight junction | protein adherence that creates a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells
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| unified cell theory | a biological concept that states that one or more cells comprise all organisms; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells
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| vacuole | membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport
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| vesicle | small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
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