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chapter 4 Cell Struc
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell wall | rigid cell covering comprised of various molecules that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell |
| central vacuole | large plant cell organelle that regulates the cell’s storage compartment, holds water, and plays a significant role in cell growth as the site of macromolecule degradation |
| chlorophyll | green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis |
| centrosome | region in animal cells made of two centrioles that serves as an organizing center for microtubules |
| chromatin | protein-DNA complex that serves as the chromosomes' building material |
| chromosome | structure within the nucleus that comprises chromatin that contains DNA, the hereditary material |
| cilium (plural = cilia) | short, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane in large numbers and functions to move an entire cell or move substances along the cell's outer surface |
| cytoplasm | entire region between the plasma membrane and the nuclear envelope, consisting of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol, the cytoskeleton, and various chemicals |
| cytosol | the cytoplasm's gel-like material in which cell structures are suspended |
| desmosome | linkages between adjacent epithelial cells that form when cadherins in the plasma membrane attach to intermediate filaments |
| endomembrane system | group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | series of interconnected membranous structures within eukaryotic cells that collectively modify proteins and synthesize lipids |
| extracellular matrix | material secreted from animal or fungal cells that provides mechanical protection and anchoring for the cells in the tissue |
| flagellum (plural = flagella) | long, hair-like structure that extends from the plasma membrane and moves the cell |
| gap junction | channel between two adjacent animal cells that allows ions, nutrients, and low molecular weight substances to pass between cells, enabling the cells to communicate |
| Golgi apparatus | eukaryotic organelle comprised of a series of stacked membranes that sorts, tags, and packages lipids and proteins for distribution |
| intermediate filament | cytoskeletal component, comprised of several fibrous protein intertwined strands, that bears tension, supports cell-cell junctions, and anchors cells to extracellular structures |
| lysosome | organelle in an animal cell that functions as the cell’s digestive component; it breaks down proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out organelles |
| microfilament | the cytoskeleton system's narrowest element; it provides rigidity and shape to the cell and enables cellular movements |
| microtubule | the cytoskeleton system's widest element; it helps the cell resist compression, provides a track along which vesicles move through the cell, pulls replicated chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell, and is the structural element of centrioles, flagella, and cilia |
| mitochondria (singular = mitochondrion) | cellular organelles responsible for carrying out cellular respiration, resulting in producing ATP, the cell’s main energy-carrying molecule |
| nuclear envelope | double-membrane structure that constitutes the nucleus' outermost portion |
| nucleoid | central part of a prokaryotic cell's central part where the chromosome is located |
| nucleolus | darkly staining body within the nucleus that is responsible for assembling ribosome subunits |
| nucleoplasm | semi-solid fluid inside the nucleus that contains the chromatin and nucleolus |
| nucleus | cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis |
| organelle | compartment or sac within a cell |
| peroxisome | small, round organelle that contains hydrogen peroxide, oxidizes fatty acids and amino acids, and detoxifies many poisons |
| plasma membrane | phospholipid bilayer with embedded (integral) or attached (peripheral) proteins, and separates the cell's internal content from its surrounding environment |
| plasmodesma (plural = plasmodesmata) | channel that passes between adjacent plant cells' cell walls, connects their cytoplasm, and allows transporting of materials from cell to cell |
| prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle |
| ribosome | the cellular structure that carries out protein syn |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | region of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | region of the endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, and steroid hormones; detoxifies certain chemicals (like pesticides, preservatives, medications, and environmental pollutants), and stores calcium ions |
| tight junction | protein adherence that creates a firm seal between two adjacent animal cells |
| unified cell theory | a biological concept that states that one or more cells comprise all organisms; the cell is the basic unit of life; and new cells arise from existing cells |
| vacuole | membrane-bound sac, somewhat larger than a vesicle, which functions in cellular storage and transport |
| vesicle | small, membrane-bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport; its membrane is capable of fusing with the plasma membrane and the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus |
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