poli sci test 1
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| Globalization | the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world
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| National sovereignty | a political entity’s externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs
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| Public goods | benefits and services that benefit all citizens but are not likely to be produced voluntarily by individuals
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| Political equality | equality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally
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| “original dilemma” | freedom vs. order
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| Political ideology | a consistent set of values about beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government
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| Capitalism | the system of government that favors free enterprise (privately owned businesses operating without government regulation)
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| Liberals | those who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order
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| Universal participation | th concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making
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| Referendum | an election on a policy issue
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| Declaration of Independence | drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain
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| “unalienable rights” | life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
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| Limited government | the biggest goal of the revolutionaries in forming a new government
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| Articles of Confederation | the compact among the 13 original states that established the first government of the US; did not give the federal government power to tax
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| New Jersey Plan | a set of nine resolutions that would have preserved the Articles of Confederation instead of replacing them
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| Great compromise | allowed for 2 houses: one by population and the other with equal representation, submitted by CT
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| Veto | when the President checks Congress
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| Supremacy | the clause of Article VI of the Constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict
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| Anti-federalists | this group did not want the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
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| Marbury v. Madison | the case in which the Supreme Court established judicial review
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| Dual federalism | a view that holds the Constitution as a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national government are fixed and limited
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| Implied power | those powers that Congress requires in order to execute its enumerated powers
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| Terrorism | premeditated politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents
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| Commerce clause | 3rd clause of Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states
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| Preemption | the power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state government function
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| George W. Bush’s Administration | during this the power of the national government increased, due to terrorist attacks
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| Cooperative federalism | a view that holds that the Constitution is an agreement among people who are citizens of both state and nation, so there is little distinction between state powers and national powers
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | case that established implied powers of the national government
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| Great Depression | since this the federal government has been favored over the states
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| Block grant | a grant-in-aid awarded for general purposes, allowing the recipient great discretion in spending the grant money
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| Public opinion | the collected attitudes of citizens concerning a given issue or question
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| Political socialization | the complex process by which people acquire their political values
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| Political participation | actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics
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| Direct action | unconventional participation that involves assembling crowds to confront businesses and local governments to demand a hearing
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| Supportive behavior | actions that express allegiance to government and country
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| Contacting behavior | this is more likely to be done by rich people with a higher SES
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| NIMBY | ”Not In My Back Yard”
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| Suffrage | the right to vote, also called the franchise
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| 15th, 19th or 26th Amendment | gave the right to vote to: people of all color, women, 18+
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| Direct primary | a preliminary election, run by the state government, in which the voters choose each party’s candidates for the general election
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| Largest religious category in U.S. | Protestant
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| Men vs. Women | men favor the death penalty and oppose government programs
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| Political knowledge | people who are educated about politics are just as likely to be liberal or conservative
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| the internet | provides a method of communication, a new venue for traditional print media, used by a substantial portion of the public
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| Private ownership of the media | makes our country dependent on advertising in the media
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| Equal opportunities rule | requirement that a broadcast station must make available equal amounts of time under the same conditions for opposing candidates
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| Information leaks | these are usually from government offices to test the public opinion on an issue
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| Freedom of the press | mass media argues for this even if it comes at the expense of order
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| Education vs. voter turnout | more educated people are more likely to vote than less educated
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| Voter turnout | the decline in _____ is due to the fact that people think voting does little/no goog
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| Push poll | a question attempting to change voters minds. example: if you knew ______ beat his wife, would you vote for him?
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| Scott Brown | Senator from MA, changed the #of Dem/Rep in the Senate
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| Equality of opportunity | the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
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| Socialism | a form of rule in which the central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow for some private ownership of productive capacity
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| Representative democracy | a system of government where citizens elect public officials to govern on their behalf
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| Confederation | a loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters
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| Implied powers | the powers of the national government that are not specifically written out
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| States’ rights | the idea that all rights not specifically conferred on the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the states
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| Horse race journalism | election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than on national issues
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| Conventional participation | relatively routine political behavior that uses institutional channels and in acceptable to the dominant culture
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| Unconventional participation | relatively uncommon political behavior that challenges or defies established institutions and dominant norms
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| Restraint | a requirement laid down by act of Congress prohibiting a state or local government from exercising a certain power
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| Initiative | a procedure by which voters can propose an issue to be decided by the legislature or by the people in a referendum
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| Socioeconomic status | position in society, based on a combination of education, occupational status and income
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| Self-interest principle | the implication that people choose what benefits them personally
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| Social contract theory | the belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes
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| Influencing behaviors | behaviors that seek to modify or reverse government policy to serve political interests
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| Categorical grant | a grant-in-aid targeted for a specific purpose by formula or by project
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| Progressivism | a philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions
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