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poli sci test 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Globalization | the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world |
| National sovereignty | a political entity’s externally recognized right to exercise final authority over its affairs |
| Public goods | benefits and services that benefit all citizens but are not likely to be produced voluntarily by individuals |
| Political equality | equality in political decision making: one vote per person, with all votes counted equally |
| “original dilemma” | freedom vs. order |
| Political ideology | a consistent set of values about beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government |
| Capitalism | the system of government that favors free enterprise (privately owned businesses operating without government regulation) |
| Liberals | those who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order |
| Universal participation | th concept that everyone in a democracy should participate in governmental decision making |
| Referendum | an election on a policy issue |
| Declaration of Independence | drafted by Thomas Jefferson, the document that proclaimed the right of the colonies to separate from Great Britain |
| “unalienable rights” | life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness |
| Limited government | the biggest goal of the revolutionaries in forming a new government |
| Articles of Confederation | the compact among the 13 original states that established the first government of the US; did not give the federal government power to tax |
| New Jersey Plan | a set of nine resolutions that would have preserved the Articles of Confederation instead of replacing them |
| Great compromise | allowed for 2 houses: one by population and the other with equal representation, submitted by CT |
| Veto | when the President checks Congress |
| Supremacy | the clause of Article VI of the Constitution that asserts that national laws take precedence over state and local laws when they conflict |
| Anti-federalists | this group did not want the Constitution without a Bill of Rights |
| Marbury v. Madison | the case in which the Supreme Court established judicial review |
| Dual federalism | a view that holds the Constitution as a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national government are fixed and limited |
| Implied power | those powers that Congress requires in order to execute its enumerated powers |
| Terrorism | premeditated politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by sub-national groups or clandestine agents |
| Commerce clause | 3rd clause of Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution that gives Congress the power to regulate commerce among the states |
| Preemption | the power of Congress to enact laws by which the national government assumes total or partial responsibility for a state government function |
| George W. Bush’s Administration | during this the power of the national government increased, due to terrorist attacks |
| Cooperative federalism | a view that holds that the Constitution is an agreement among people who are citizens of both state and nation, so there is little distinction between state powers and national powers |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | case that established implied powers of the national government |
| Great Depression | since this the federal government has been favored over the states |
| Block grant | a grant-in-aid awarded for general purposes, allowing the recipient great discretion in spending the grant money |
| Public opinion | the collected attitudes of citizens concerning a given issue or question |
| Political socialization | the complex process by which people acquire their political values |
| Political participation | actions of private citizens by which they seek to influence or support government and politics |
| Direct action | unconventional participation that involves assembling crowds to confront businesses and local governments to demand a hearing |
| Supportive behavior | actions that express allegiance to government and country |
| Contacting behavior | this is more likely to be done by rich people with a higher SES |
| NIMBY | ”Not In My Back Yard” |
| Suffrage | the right to vote, also called the franchise |
| 15th, 19th or 26th Amendment | gave the right to vote to: people of all color, women, 18+ |
| Direct primary | a preliminary election, run by the state government, in which the voters choose each party’s candidates for the general election |
| Largest religious category in U.S. | Protestant |
| Men vs. Women | men favor the death penalty and oppose government programs |
| Political knowledge | people who are educated about politics are just as likely to be liberal or conservative |
| the internet | provides a method of communication, a new venue for traditional print media, used by a substantial portion of the public |
| Private ownership of the media | makes our country dependent on advertising in the media |
| Equal opportunities rule | requirement that a broadcast station must make available equal amounts of time under the same conditions for opposing candidates |
| Information leaks | these are usually from government offices to test the public opinion on an issue |
| Freedom of the press | mass media argues for this even if it comes at the expense of order |
| Education vs. voter turnout | more educated people are more likely to vote than less educated |
| Voter turnout | the decline in _____ is due to the fact that people think voting does little/no goog |
| Push poll | a question attempting to change voters minds. example: if you knew ______ beat his wife, would you vote for him? |
| Scott Brown | Senator from MA, changed the #of Dem/Rep in the Senate |
| Equality of opportunity | the idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life |
| Socialism | a form of rule in which the central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow for some private ownership of productive capacity |
| Representative democracy | a system of government where citizens elect public officials to govern on their behalf |
| Confederation | a loose association of independent states that agree to cooperate on specified matters |
| Implied powers | the powers of the national government that are not specifically written out |
| States’ rights | the idea that all rights not specifically conferred on the national government by the Constitution are reserved to the states |
| Horse race journalism | election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than on national issues |
| Conventional participation | relatively routine political behavior that uses institutional channels and in acceptable to the dominant culture |
| Unconventional participation | relatively uncommon political behavior that challenges or defies established institutions and dominant norms |
| Restraint | a requirement laid down by act of Congress prohibiting a state or local government from exercising a certain power |
| Initiative | a procedure by which voters can propose an issue to be decided by the legislature or by the people in a referendum |
| Socioeconomic status | position in society, based on a combination of education, occupational status and income |
| Self-interest principle | the implication that people choose what benefits them personally |
| Social contract theory | the belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the right to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes |
| Influencing behaviors | behaviors that seek to modify or reverse government policy to serve political interests |
| Categorical grant | a grant-in-aid targeted for a specific purpose by formula or by project |
| Progressivism | a philosophy of political reform based on the goodness and wisdom of the individual citizen as opposed to special interests and political institutions |
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