310 Midterm 3
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| Pharmacology | science that deals with the fate of drugs in the body and their actions on the body
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| drug | any substance, other than what's found in the body or required by the body, that changes a physiological response
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| controlled | by DEA, schedule I to IV
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| therapeutic | prescription
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| problem with herbal extracts | extracts are uncontrolled, but as soon as the active chemical is isolated, it is classified as a drug and becomes controlled
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| pharmacodynamics | study of actions of drugs on the body
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| pharmacokinetics | quantitative description of drug disposition
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| drug disposition | absorption, distribution, elimination
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| drug disposition curve | graph to show drug disposition
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| fate of a drug | absorbed, distributed, eliminated
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| routes of drug administration | enteral, parenteral
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| enteral vs. parenteral | enteral: through alimentary canal
parenteral: everywhere else
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| venous samplings/vein sticks | sample of blood to see drug disposition
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| extra label drug use | using a drug other than how it is indicated on the label
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| capillary barriers | continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous
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| blood brain barrier | layer of lipophilic cells surrounding capillaries
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| fat stores of the body | store drugs
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| hydrophilic vs. lipophilic | water-loving vs. fat-loving
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| free vs. bound in blood | bound to albumin, free drugs get absorbed quicker
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| biotransformed | way in which drug gets eliminated
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| specific receptors/target cells | some drugs have specific cells that they target
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| site of action | where the drug takes effect
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| receptor pull/affinity | receptors have affinity to drug, pull out even if bound in blood
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| drug eliminated | in general, 10 half lives and a drug is considered eliminated
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| first pass effect | first time the blood passes through the liver, 100% of it is broken down
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| therapeutic objective | how quickly you want the drug to work vs. route of administration
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| drug conjugation | bound to a sugar molecule
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| half-life | amount of time it takes for 1/2 the drug to be broken down
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| quality assurance issues | in food animals, quality of meat
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| quantitative vs. qualitative dose-response curves | quantitative: numerical measurements
qualitative: yes/no response
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| potency | how much of a drug is needed to get the desired response
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| equipotent doses | amounts of drugs needed to achieve same response
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| effective dose 50 | effective dose in which 50% of the population responds
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| TD50 | toxic dose, 50% of population gets sick
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| therapeutic index | TD50/ED50
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| LD50 | lethal dose, 50% of population dies
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| AD50 | anesthetic dose, 50% of population goes under anesthesia
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| choice of route | therapeutic objective, physical properties of drug, lipophilic/hydrophilic, quality assurance issues, cost
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| kidney | excretion, regulation, endocrine
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| adrenal gland/supra adrenals | secrete hormones
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| hilus | ureter/renal artery/renal vein enter into kidney
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| micturition | urination
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| sphincter | holds bladder closed
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| metanephric nephron anatomy | tubular part, blood vessels
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| glomerulus | first capillary bed
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| PTC | peritubular capillary/second capillary bed
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| descending limb | thin walled
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| ascending limb | thick walled upper portion, thin walled lower portion
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| loop of Henle | allows last 20-40% of water to not be lost in urine
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| DCT | where aldosterone works, can pump so much sodium that osmotically it can become more dilute than normal interstitium
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| collecting duct | receives the urine from many distal tubules
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| Bowman's capsule | filters/cleans the plasma
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| blood supply | 20-25% goes to kidney
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| vasa recta | 1-2% of PTC bed that forms a loop around the loop of Henle
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| portal system | high filtration rate, high absorptive/reabsorptive pressure in PTC bed
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| renal corpuscle | glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
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| glomerulus and filtration | filters and cleans plasma, 20-25% filtered out into Bowman's capsule
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| proximal tubule | active transport of toxins directly into urine from PTC, reabsorption
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| aldosterone | steroid hormone from adrenal cortex, mineral corticoid
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| osmolarity/milliosmole | saltiness of blood
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| cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons | cortical: short loop of Henle, completely within cortex
juxtamedullary: long loop of Henle
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| ammonia/urea/uric acid | waste products
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| salt gland | concentration of salt out of it is greater than sea water, found in sea birds
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| control of blood volume | if blood volume is too high, urine volume increases to compensate and vice versa
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| juxtaglomerular apparatus | source of renin
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| juxtaglomerular cells | macula densa cells
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| macula densa monitor | monitor if kidney isn't filtering enough blood and if the osmolarity of blood is correct
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| glomerular filtration rate | how much fluid is filtered out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule
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| renin-angiotensin system | renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin
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| ACE | angiotensin converting enzyme
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| angiotensinogen | always in blood, made by liver
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| angiotensin | circulation, vasoconstriction, renal blood flow increases, constriction of efferent artery, increase in glomerular filtration
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| angiotensin activator | activates angiotensin
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| systemic vasoconstriction | entire body experiences vasoconstriction
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| GFR homeostasis/disturbance/recovery | disturbance: GFR goes down, renin released, angiotensin activated, BP and BV increase
recovery: restored homeostasis, GFR increases
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| aldosterone/mineral corticoid | steroid hormone from adrenal cortex
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| adrenal cortex | outer portion of adrenal gland
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| zona glomerulosa | outer layer of adrenal cortex, makes aldosterone
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| sodium reabsorption | reabsorbed in proximal tubule
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| blood-born | enters into circulatory system from endocrine system
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| diuresis | excessive urination
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| high blood pressure | vasoconstriction
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| ADH | decreases urine volume, affects collecting duct of nephrons, allows for very concentrated urine
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| hypothalamus/posterior pituitary | hormones made in the hypothalamus travel down and are released from the posterior pituitary
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| range of urine osmolarities | dependent upon thirst and water intake
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| hypovolemic vs. osmotic thirst | hypovolemic: loss of blood volume
osmotic: high osmolarity
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| body water balance | drinking and eating provide water, kidney conserves water so output=intake
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| endocrine functions | maintain homeostasis, support cell growth, coordinate development/reproduction, facilitate responses to external stimuli
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| paracrine | stimulates neighboring cells
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| autocrine | stimulates self only
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| exocrine | stimulates cells far away
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| endocrine/ductless glands | invading epithelia become a deep gland or get isolated/pinched off
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| hormone | a chemical made in one part of the body that becomes blood born, travels to another part of the body to affect a target cell
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| receptor/target cell | has receptors for hormone
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| hypothalamus | controls pituitary gland
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| stalk | connects hypothalamus and pituitary
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| Rathke's pouch | outgrowth of base of brain, forms posterior pituitary
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| posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis | releases hormones made in hypothalamus
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| anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis | outgrowth of roof of mouth, portal system between it and hypothalamus, produces hormones to be released into body
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| growth hormone releasing hormone | stimulates release of growth hormone
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| growth hormone/GH/somatotrophin | causes fat to be broken down
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| IGF-1/somatomedin | bone growth, muscle development
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| somatostatin | polypeptide
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| bST vs. hGH | bovine vs. human growth hormone
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| gigantism | too much growth hormone released
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| controlling hormones/factors | control amount of initial stimulant produced
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| thyroid | composed of epithelial cells, 2 lobes, made of fluid filled follicles, releases T3 and T4
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| isthmus | connects two lobes of thyroid
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| left and right lobe | located on either side of trachea
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| thyroglobulin | huge protein that stores MIT and DIT and when epithelia lining follicle get stimulated, thyroglobulin gets internalized and then metabolizes into T3 and T4
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| colloid | fluid filling follicles
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| follicle | small sac or vesicle, filled with fluid
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| MIT | monoiodotyrosine
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| DIT | diiodotyrosine
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| triiodothyronine | T3, MIT + DIT
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| tetraiodothyronine | T4, DIT + DIT
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| TRH | thyrotropin releasing hormone, released by hypothalamus, stimulates release of TSH by anterior pituitary
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| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone, released by ant. pit., stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4
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| metabolic hormones | T3, T4
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| hypothalamo-pituitary-organ axis | step-by-step process, end product = feedback
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| effect of T3 and T4 | negative feedback on hypothalamus (causes it to release less TRH)
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| hypo/hyperthyroidism | hypo: underactive thyroid
hyper: overactive thyroid
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| Grave's disease | autoimmune disorder, most common cause of hyperthyroidism
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| myxedema | swelling of the skin, caused by hypothyroidism
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| goiter | hypothyroidism, swelling of thyroid and neck, low iodine in diet
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| goitrogens | drugs or feed that interferes with thyroxin production
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| exopthalamos | hyperthyroidism
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| feedback | negative causes less activity, positive causes more
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| parathyroid/PTH | released when calcium in blood is low
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| effect of PTH | calcium is reabsorbed into kidney, calcium comes out of bone and into blood, kidney activates vitamin D
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| vitamin D activation | caused by parathyroid hormone when Ca in blood is too low to help absorb Ca from intestine
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| kidney | concentrates urine
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| C-cells/parafollicular cells | make calcitonin, controlled by Ca in blood, oppose PTH, released when Ca in blood is too high
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| calcitonin | released from C-cells
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| CRH | corticotrophic releasing hormone made by hypothalamus, causes production of ACTH
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| ACTH | released by anterior pituitary, goes to adrenal cortex and stimulates production of cortisol
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| glucocorticoid | steroid from adrenal cortex affecting glucose
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| cortisol | most common adrenal steroid, anti-inflammatory, stress hormone, inhibits fertility, stimulates fetal lung maturation, increase glucose levels in blood, induces parturition
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| corticosterone/cortisone | adrenal steroids
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| pancreatic islets/Islets of Langerhans | endocrine portion of pancreas, secrete alpha and beta cells
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| alpha/beta cells | alpha: secrete glucagon
beta: secrete insulin
work opposite each other
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| glucagon | acts on liver to stimulate glucose production and release, causes fat breakdown, rises when glucose falls
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| insulin | necessary for sugar to get inside a cell, allows body cells to take in circulating glucose, works opposite glucagon
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| control of insulin | released in response to high blood glucose levels
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| diabetes | inability to bind glucose
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| hypo/hyperglycemia | hypo: lack of glucose
hyper: too much glucose, leads to hyperosmolarity
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| ketotic/ketosis | decreased blood pH
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| peripheral circulation/capillary health | diabetics have decreased peripheral circulation because endothelial cells surrounding capillaries cannot function
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| A1C | glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin with sugar molecules attached)
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