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310 Midterm 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Pharmacology | science that deals with the fate of drugs in the body and their actions on the body |
| drug | any substance, other than what's found in the body or required by the body, that changes a physiological response |
| controlled | by DEA, schedule I to IV |
| therapeutic | prescription |
| problem with herbal extracts | extracts are uncontrolled, but as soon as the active chemical is isolated, it is classified as a drug and becomes controlled |
| pharmacodynamics | study of actions of drugs on the body |
| pharmacokinetics | quantitative description of drug disposition |
| drug disposition | absorption, distribution, elimination |
| drug disposition curve | graph to show drug disposition |
| fate of a drug | absorbed, distributed, eliminated |
| routes of drug administration | enteral, parenteral |
| enteral vs. parenteral | enteral: through alimentary canal parenteral: everywhere else |
| venous samplings/vein sticks | sample of blood to see drug disposition |
| extra label drug use | using a drug other than how it is indicated on the label |
| capillary barriers | continuous, fenestrated, or discontinuous |
| blood brain barrier | layer of lipophilic cells surrounding capillaries |
| fat stores of the body | store drugs |
| hydrophilic vs. lipophilic | water-loving vs. fat-loving |
| free vs. bound in blood | bound to albumin, free drugs get absorbed quicker |
| biotransformed | way in which drug gets eliminated |
| specific receptors/target cells | some drugs have specific cells that they target |
| site of action | where the drug takes effect |
| receptor pull/affinity | receptors have affinity to drug, pull out even if bound in blood |
| drug eliminated | in general, 10 half lives and a drug is considered eliminated |
| first pass effect | first time the blood passes through the liver, 100% of it is broken down |
| therapeutic objective | how quickly you want the drug to work vs. route of administration |
| drug conjugation | bound to a sugar molecule |
| half-life | amount of time it takes for 1/2 the drug to be broken down |
| quality assurance issues | in food animals, quality of meat |
| quantitative vs. qualitative dose-response curves | quantitative: numerical measurements qualitative: yes/no response |
| potency | how much of a drug is needed to get the desired response |
| equipotent doses | amounts of drugs needed to achieve same response |
| effective dose 50 | effective dose in which 50% of the population responds |
| TD50 | toxic dose, 50% of population gets sick |
| therapeutic index | TD50/ED50 |
| LD50 | lethal dose, 50% of population dies |
| AD50 | anesthetic dose, 50% of population goes under anesthesia |
| choice of route | therapeutic objective, physical properties of drug, lipophilic/hydrophilic, quality assurance issues, cost |
| kidney | excretion, regulation, endocrine |
| adrenal gland/supra adrenals | secrete hormones |
| hilus | ureter/renal artery/renal vein enter into kidney |
| micturition | urination |
| sphincter | holds bladder closed |
| metanephric nephron anatomy | tubular part, blood vessels |
| glomerulus | first capillary bed |
| PTC | peritubular capillary/second capillary bed |
| descending limb | thin walled |
| ascending limb | thick walled upper portion, thin walled lower portion |
| loop of Henle | allows last 20-40% of water to not be lost in urine |
| DCT | where aldosterone works, can pump so much sodium that osmotically it can become more dilute than normal interstitium |
| collecting duct | receives the urine from many distal tubules |
| Bowman's capsule | filters/cleans the plasma |
| blood supply | 20-25% goes to kidney |
| vasa recta | 1-2% of PTC bed that forms a loop around the loop of Henle |
| portal system | high filtration rate, high absorptive/reabsorptive pressure in PTC bed |
| renal corpuscle | glomerulus + Bowman's capsule |
| glomerulus and filtration | filters and cleans plasma, 20-25% filtered out into Bowman's capsule |
| proximal tubule | active transport of toxins directly into urine from PTC, reabsorption |
| aldosterone | steroid hormone from adrenal cortex, mineral corticoid |
| osmolarity/milliosmole | saltiness of blood |
| cortical vs. juxtamedullary nephrons | cortical: short loop of Henle, completely within cortex juxtamedullary: long loop of Henle |
| ammonia/urea/uric acid | waste products |
| salt gland | concentration of salt out of it is greater than sea water, found in sea birds |
| control of blood volume | if blood volume is too high, urine volume increases to compensate and vice versa |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | source of renin |
| juxtaglomerular cells | macula densa cells |
| macula densa monitor | monitor if kidney isn't filtering enough blood and if the osmolarity of blood is correct |
| glomerular filtration rate | how much fluid is filtered out of glomerulus into Bowman's capsule |
| renin-angiotensin system | renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin |
| ACE | angiotensin converting enzyme |
| angiotensinogen | always in blood, made by liver |
| angiotensin | circulation, vasoconstriction, renal blood flow increases, constriction of efferent artery, increase in glomerular filtration |
| angiotensin activator | activates angiotensin |
| systemic vasoconstriction | entire body experiences vasoconstriction |
| GFR homeostasis/disturbance/recovery | disturbance: GFR goes down, renin released, angiotensin activated, BP and BV increase recovery: restored homeostasis, GFR increases |
| aldosterone/mineral corticoid | steroid hormone from adrenal cortex |
| adrenal cortex | outer portion of adrenal gland |
| zona glomerulosa | outer layer of adrenal cortex, makes aldosterone |
| sodium reabsorption | reabsorbed in proximal tubule |
| blood-born | enters into circulatory system from endocrine system |
| diuresis | excessive urination |
| high blood pressure | vasoconstriction |
| ADH | decreases urine volume, affects collecting duct of nephrons, allows for very concentrated urine |
| hypothalamus/posterior pituitary | hormones made in the hypothalamus travel down and are released from the posterior pituitary |
| range of urine osmolarities | dependent upon thirst and water intake |
| hypovolemic vs. osmotic thirst | hypovolemic: loss of blood volume osmotic: high osmolarity |
| body water balance | drinking and eating provide water, kidney conserves water so output=intake |
| endocrine functions | maintain homeostasis, support cell growth, coordinate development/reproduction, facilitate responses to external stimuli |
| paracrine | stimulates neighboring cells |
| autocrine | stimulates self only |
| exocrine | stimulates cells far away |
| endocrine/ductless glands | invading epithelia become a deep gland or get isolated/pinched off |
| hormone | a chemical made in one part of the body that becomes blood born, travels to another part of the body to affect a target cell |
| receptor/target cell | has receptors for hormone |
| hypothalamus | controls pituitary gland |
| stalk | connects hypothalamus and pituitary |
| Rathke's pouch | outgrowth of base of brain, forms posterior pituitary |
| posterior pituitary/neurohypophysis | releases hormones made in hypothalamus |
| anterior pituitary/adenohypophysis | outgrowth of roof of mouth, portal system between it and hypothalamus, produces hormones to be released into body |
| growth hormone releasing hormone | stimulates release of growth hormone |
| growth hormone/GH/somatotrophin | causes fat to be broken down |
| IGF-1/somatomedin | bone growth, muscle development |
| somatostatin | polypeptide |
| bST vs. hGH | bovine vs. human growth hormone |
| gigantism | too much growth hormone released |
| controlling hormones/factors | control amount of initial stimulant produced |
| thyroid | composed of epithelial cells, 2 lobes, made of fluid filled follicles, releases T3 and T4 |
| isthmus | connects two lobes of thyroid |
| left and right lobe | located on either side of trachea |
| thyroglobulin | huge protein that stores MIT and DIT and when epithelia lining follicle get stimulated, thyroglobulin gets internalized and then metabolizes into T3 and T4 |
| colloid | fluid filling follicles |
| follicle | small sac or vesicle, filled with fluid |
| MIT | monoiodotyrosine |
| DIT | diiodotyrosine |
| triiodothyronine | T3, MIT + DIT |
| tetraiodothyronine | T4, DIT + DIT |
| TRH | thyrotropin releasing hormone, released by hypothalamus, stimulates release of TSH by anterior pituitary |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone, released by ant. pit., stimulates thyroid to release T3 and T4 |
| metabolic hormones | T3, T4 |
| hypothalamo-pituitary-organ axis | step-by-step process, end product = feedback |
| effect of T3 and T4 | negative feedback on hypothalamus (causes it to release less TRH) |
| hypo/hyperthyroidism | hypo: underactive thyroid hyper: overactive thyroid |
| Grave's disease | autoimmune disorder, most common cause of hyperthyroidism |
| myxedema | swelling of the skin, caused by hypothyroidism |
| goiter | hypothyroidism, swelling of thyroid and neck, low iodine in diet |
| goitrogens | drugs or feed that interferes with thyroxin production |
| exopthalamos | hyperthyroidism |
| feedback | negative causes less activity, positive causes more |
| parathyroid/PTH | released when calcium in blood is low |
| effect of PTH | calcium is reabsorbed into kidney, calcium comes out of bone and into blood, kidney activates vitamin D |
| vitamin D activation | caused by parathyroid hormone when Ca in blood is too low to help absorb Ca from intestine |
| kidney | concentrates urine |
| C-cells/parafollicular cells | make calcitonin, controlled by Ca in blood, oppose PTH, released when Ca in blood is too high |
| calcitonin | released from C-cells |
| CRH | corticotrophic releasing hormone made by hypothalamus, causes production of ACTH |
| ACTH | released by anterior pituitary, goes to adrenal cortex and stimulates production of cortisol |
| glucocorticoid | steroid from adrenal cortex affecting glucose |
| cortisol | most common adrenal steroid, anti-inflammatory, stress hormone, inhibits fertility, stimulates fetal lung maturation, increase glucose levels in blood, induces parturition |
| corticosterone/cortisone | adrenal steroids |
| pancreatic islets/Islets of Langerhans | endocrine portion of pancreas, secrete alpha and beta cells |
| alpha/beta cells | alpha: secrete glucagon beta: secrete insulin work opposite each other |
| glucagon | acts on liver to stimulate glucose production and release, causes fat breakdown, rises when glucose falls |
| insulin | necessary for sugar to get inside a cell, allows body cells to take in circulating glucose, works opposite glucagon |
| control of insulin | released in response to high blood glucose levels |
| diabetes | inability to bind glucose |
| hypo/hyperglycemia | hypo: lack of glucose hyper: too much glucose, leads to hyperosmolarity |
| ketotic/ketosis | decreased blood pH |
| peripheral circulation/capillary health | diabetics have decreased peripheral circulation because endothelial cells surrounding capillaries cannot function |
| A1C | glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin with sugar molecules attached) |
Created by:
hbrandt
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