AP Human Geography
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| carrying capacity | the population size of a species that the environment can sustain indefinitely given the available resources
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| overpopulation | a situation in which the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
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| demography | the scientific study of population characteristics
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| census | a complete enumeration of a population
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| ecumene | the portion of earths surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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| arable land | land suited for agriculture
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| demographic transition model | model that shows the shift in a countrys demographics over time
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| population momentum | the additional growth that countries experience after CBR declines
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| ZPG | zero population growth, condition of demographic balance where the # of people in a specified population neither grows nor declines
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| Anti-natalist policy | population policy which aims to discourage births
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| pro-natalist policy | population policy which aims to encourage births
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| push factor | what is pushing you out of a location
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| pull factor | what is pulling you to a location
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| forced migration | permanent movement compelled by cultural or environmental factors
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| voluntary migration | permanent move under taken by choice
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| Net (in/out) migration | total # of immigrants and emigrants and which is more
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| Guest worker | a term used for a worker who migrates to a developed country in search of a higher paying job
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| step migration | migration that follows a path of a series of stages or steps toward a final destination
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| intervening obstacle | an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
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| refugee | people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution
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| asylum seeker | someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
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| internally displaced people | someone who has been forced to migrate (like a refugee) but has not migrated across an international border
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| culture | the customs, arts, social institutions and achievements of a particular nation people or other social group
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| habit | a repetitive act by a person
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| custom | repetitive act by a group of people
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| folk culture | culture traditionally practiced by a small homogenous rural group living in relative isolation from other groups, mysterious hearths
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| popular culture | culture found in large heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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| toponym | a place name
usually a reflection of history, the founders, or physical features
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| sequent occupance | contributions or imprints left on a place by different groups who have occupied that space
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| cultural landscape | combination of cultural, economic and natural elements that make up my landscape
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| diffusion | spread of an idea/feature
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| expansion diffusion | diffusion in an additive process
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| relocation diffusion | diffusion through movement of people
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| hierarchical diffusion | expansion diffusion from people or nodes of authority to other persons/places
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| language branch | collection of languages within a family related through common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago
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| language family | collection of languages within a super family related through common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history
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| dialect | a regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation
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| lingua franca | a language mutually understood commonly used in interactions by people who have different native languages
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| creole language | a fully formed language created by a mix of other languages
(usually one is colonizers+native)
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| pidgin language | grammatically simplified language made up of 2 or more languages
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| contagious diffusion | rapid expansion diffusion widespread throughout the population
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| stimulus diffusion | expansion diffusion of underlying principles while other details change
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| ethnocentrism | evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions originating in the standards and customs of ones own customs
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| cultural relativism | stepping back and look at the whole cultural picture before judging (or dont judge at all)
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| uniform/homogeneous landscape | the spatial expression of a popular custom in one location being similar to one another
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| language group | a collection of languages within branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past
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| centripetal force | a cultural value that tends to unify people
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| centrifugal force | a cultural value that tends to pull people apart
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| universalizing religion | a religion that attempts to operate on a global scale and to appeal to all people wherever they reside
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| ethnic religion | a religion which primarily attracts one group of people living in one place with a common ancestry
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| assimilation | process of a minority group or culture adopting the dominant groups culture and becoming the same
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| acculturation | balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society
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| syncretism | when aspects of different cultures blend together to form something new and unique
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| commercial agriculture | farming for a profit
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| subsistence agriculture | farming for your household
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| slash and burn | form of shifting cultivation, vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown
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| terraces | a series of leveled flat areas resembling steps
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| deforestation | clearing a wide area of trees
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| desertification | processes by which fertile land becomes desert
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| soil salinization | soil gets salty
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| double cropping | two harvests in the same field in the same year
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| intensive agriculture | large amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area
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| extensive agriculture | small amounts of labor and money is used relative to the land area
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| 2nd Agricultural Revolution | innovations in breeding practices and tools lead to a food surplus and allowed the growth of cities to increase, coincides with Industrial Revolution, early 1700s
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| Green Revolution/ 3rd Agricultural Revolution | rapid diffusion of new age techniques especially in high yield seeds and fertilizers
after WWll mid 1900s
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| food security | peoples ability to access sufficient safe nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life
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| food desert | an area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain
no car AND supermarket 1+ mile away
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| horticulture | growing fruits veggies and flowers
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| milk shed | the area surrounding a city from which milk is supplied
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| monocropping | an agricultural method that utilizes large planting of a single species of variety year after year
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| 0rganic agriculture | approach to farming and ranching that avoids herbicides pesticides growth hormones and other synthetic inputs
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| imperialism | a policy of extending a country's power/influence through diplomacy or military force
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| balkanization | a multinational country breaking up along ethnic lines
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| devolution | a transfer/delegation of power to a lower level especially by central gov to local or regional administration
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| irredentism | a policy advocating the restoration to a country of any territory formerly belonging to it
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| chokepoint | a narrow passage on land or sea that is an important passage route
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| shatter belts | strategic geographic areas that are positioned between great powers and divided between the two, usually heavily conflicted
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| neocolonism | the use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures to control/influence other countries especially former dependencies
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| territoriality | a country or community's attachment to an area as expressed by its determination to keep/defend it
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| international boundary | boundary between two sovereign nations
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| internal boundary | boundary within a nation
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| geometric boundary | boundary formed by arcs or straight lines despite physical/cultural features of the land
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| physical boundaries | boundary matching with significant features of natural land
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| relic boundary | boundary no longer functioning but still detectable
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| superimposed boundary | boundary imposed on an area by conquering/colonizing power and ignoring previous boundaries/cultures
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| cultural boundaries | international/internal running along cultural features such as language religion or ethnicity
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| redistricting | process of redrawing or drawing political districts
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| gerrymandering | manipulation of political boundaries to give advantage to one group over another
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| enclave | a territory that is completely surrounded by another territory
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| ethnic enclave | geographic area with a high ethnic concentration different from the surrounding area
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| ethnoburb | a suburban area with a noticeable cluster of an ethnic majority
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| redlining | process where financial institutions draw red colored line and map and refuse to lend money for people to purchase or improve property within lines
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| block busting | process where real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear for new colored neighbors
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| white flight | migration of white people from areas becoming more racially/ethnically diverse
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| apartheid | legal separation of races into different geographic areas in south africa (ended in 1991)
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| nation | 1- a country
2-a large group of people who are united by common cultural characteristics or by shared history
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| nation-state | state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular nation
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| nationalism | a loyalty and devotion to a nation promoting a national consciousness that exalts one nation above others
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| ethnic cleansing | a purposefully policy designed to remove an ethnicity/religious group by violent and terror-inspiring means from an area
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| genocide | mass killing of a group of people in an attempt to eliminate them from existence
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| sovereignty | ability of a state to govern its territory and foreign affairs free from outside control
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| state | area organized into a political unit, established government, ruler over own affairs, permanent population residents
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| multinational state | a country that contains two or more nations with some sovereignty that co-exist peacefully
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| multi state nation | one nation or people spread across more than one state
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| multiethnic state | a state with multiple ethnicities not divided up by territories
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| microstate | a very small country
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| self determination | the concepts that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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| supranational organization | a multinational union in which member countries cede some authority and sovereignty for the good of the group
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| city state | a type of microstate comprised of a city and the surroundings
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| autonomous region | an area of a country that has a degree of freedom (autonomy) from external authority
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| semi-autonomos region | grated SOME freedom from a larger controlling region
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| colonialism | an attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political economic and cultural principles in another territory
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| GDP, GNP, GNI | gross domestic product, gross national product, gross national income, the value of the total output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
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| HDI | human development index, developed by the UN to measure a country's development level, income, education, life expectancy
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| inequality adjusted HDI | a modified HDI to account for inequality
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| GII | Gender inequality index, measure the country's gender inequality, health, empowerment, labor market
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| uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions within some countries and between core and peripheral countries due to economic development
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| dependency theory | the theory that resources flow from the periphery to the core the benefit MDC at the expense of LDC
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| microloans | small loans given to people in LDCs to start a small business/improve living conditions
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| commodity dependence | an economy relies on the export of primary commodities for more than 60% of earnings
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| ecotourism | tourism directed towards exotic often threatened natural environments to support conservation
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| UN sustainable development goals | UN's collection of 17 interlinked goals to achieve a more sustainable future made in 2015 hoped to be achieved by 2030
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| agglomeration | a collection of things
economics-collection of firms/industries that locate near eachother
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| Just-in-time delivery | process of making/delivering products at the exact time they are needed, you get supplies as you go
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| outsourcing | contracting work abroad
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| free trade zone/ export pro | an area where goods may be imported/stored, handled, manufactured or reconfigured reported under specific custom regulations and often no taxes
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| central place | marker area for the exchange of services by people from the surrounding area
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| range | the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service
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| threshold | the minimum number of people needed to support a service
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| market area/ hinterland | the area surrounding a central place
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| central place theory | walter christaller's theory that settlements serve as central places providing service to surrounding areas
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| primate city rule | type of settlement pattern, the largest settlement has more than 2x as many people as the 2nd ranking settlement
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| rank size rule | type of settlement pattern, the nth largest settlement is 1/nth the population of the largest settlement
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| gravity model | predicts the interaction between two cities, interaction is directly impacted by population and inversely by distance
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| metropolitan statistical area | measures to functional area of an urban settlement and created with a census data, overlapping urbanized areas
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| urbanized area | area with at least 50,000 people
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| urban cluster | area with 2500-50,000 people
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| CBD | central business district, area of a city where retail and office activities cluster
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| squatter/informal settlement | residential area where occupants have no legal claim to land (not legal buildings), slums
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| sprawl | unrestricted growth in urban areas over large expanses fo land with little concern for urban planning
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| zoning | laws governing how land can and cannot be used
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| mixed land use | contains 2 or more major types of land uses (residential, commercial, institutional)
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| new urbanism | part of the smart growth movement, based on principles like -walkable communities, housing and shopping close, public spaces
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| sustainable design/ smart growth policies | urban design that considers the environmental/social/economic impacts (preventing sprawl)
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| greenbelts | zoning laws the keep areas of largely undeveloped/wild/agricultural lands surrounding urban areas
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| slow growth cities | urban communities where the planners have put smart growth initiatives into place to decrease the rate the city grows horizontally for spread
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| gentrification | process of poor urban areas changing by wealthy middle class people moving in and improving the area (often driving out the poor)
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| exurbs | the small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city
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| boomburg | a large, rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character
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| brownfields | land previously used for commercial/industrial use and is contaminated
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| self sufficiency path | limit imports, isolation, equal investment/ income but bad for international relationships
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| international trade path | focusing on specific goods and trading a lot with other countries but leads to uneven development
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| Rostows 5 stages of development | traditional society, preconditions take off, take off, drive to maturity
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| formal region | uniform, everyone shares at least one common characteristic that can be proven
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| functional region | nodal, has a central focal point and functions around this point with the principle of distance decay
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| vernacular/ perceptual region | perceptual, based off of perception with no definite borders and characteristics or views can vary
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| site | the physical characteristics of a place
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| situation/ relative location | characteristics of how a place relates to something else
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| Demographic Transition model | model to show how a country develops over time by warren thompson
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| CBR | crude birth rate, how many babies are born in a year
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| CDR | crude death rate, how many people die in a year
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| NIR | natural increase rate, the rate at which the population is increasing
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| TFR | total fertility rate
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| IMR | infant mortality rate, how many babies die
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| life expectancy | how long someone is expected to live in a given country
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| arithmetic density | population divided by land area
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| physiological density | population divided by arable land
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| agricultural density | farmers divided by arable land
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| reference maps | shows boundaries, location names, roads, railroads, coastlines, rivers lakes, ect. ex-political map and physical map
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| thematic maps | maps specifically designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographical area
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| 1st Agricultural Revolution | 10,000 years ago, coincided with the end of the ice age
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| livestock ranching | commercial agriculture in developed countries in temperate climates, meat milk eggs causes greenhouse grasses and overgrazing
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| mediterranean agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries in dry climates making plants like grapes, nuts, and citrus
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| commercial gardening/truck farming/ fruit farming | commercial agriculture in developed countries located anywhere with fruits, small vegetables, mushrooms and other small crops is very environmentally friendly
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| Mixed crop and livestock agriculture | commercial agriculture found in both developed and developing countries like in europe and the US midwest making things like dairy, meat, grains
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| dairy agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries making dairy products with lots of greenhouse gas emissions
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| grain agriculture | commercial agriculture in developed countries on plains with a dry climate and mild temperature making rye, corn, barley oats what ect but too much mono cropping
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| shifting cultivation agriculture | subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in tropical rainforests making millet, yam, sorghum, cassava and maize when you plant in rings and slash and burn
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| pastoral nomadism | subsistence agriculture in developing countries found in meadows and valleys with arid climates too dry for crops with seasonal movements with animals
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| plantations | commercial agriculture in developing countries planting lots and lots of cash crops in the tropics or subtropics with cheap labor
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| intensive subsistence wet rice dominant | subsistence agriculture in developing countries in east asia in river valleys making wet rice with terraces and flooding
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| intensive subsistence wet rice NOT dominant | subsistence agriculture in developing countries making cash crops in asia dry summers and harsh winters with man and animal power and crop rotations
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| autocracy | a government with one person in charge, usually getting power through force and high control
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| democracy | a government led by the citizens and their representatives with elections and legislatures and human rights
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| anocracy | a government with a power struggle between autocracy and democracy with instability in a transition phase with conflict
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| unitary | government organization where power is in the hands of a central government
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| confederation | government organization with number of parties or groups in an alliance or league
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| federal | government organization that allocates strong power to units of local government AND a central government
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| communism | economic political system where everything is publicly owned according to your needs, usually very high control and limited rights
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| capitalism | supply and demand economic system based on choice and agreement controlled by private owners who supply rather than the state
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| Territorial waters | 12 miles from shore, all countries laws apply and no foreign passage allowed
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| contiguous zone | 24 miles from shore, state has control over immigration, customs, taxes but innocent passage is allowed
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| Exclusive economic zone | 200 miles from shore, all resources below to the country
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| international waters | no country has claim over these waters or anything in them
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| Concentric Zone Model | urban model created by Burgess showing cities growing in rings out from the CBD
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| Sector model | urban model created by Hoyt showing cities growing in sectors from the CBD to the outer edge
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| multi nuclei model | urban model created by Harris and Ullman showing cities with multiple nodes with functioning areas around it
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| Galactic city model | urban model created by Harris showing inner city surrounded by large suburban residential areas and nodes tied together by a beltway/ring road
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| basic businesses | selling to consumers OUTSIDE settlement for economic base
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| nonbasic businesses | selling INSIDE settlement
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| infrastructure | fundamental facilities that serve as the foundations for settlements/services
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| isolated dwelling | 1-5 buildings, no services
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| hamlet | less than 100 people (very few services)
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| village | 100-1000 people (few services)
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| town | 1000-20,000 people (more services)
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| city | more than 20,000 people (all services)
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| metropolis | city AND suburbs, more than 1,000,000 people
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| conurbation | group of cities and suburbs 1,000,000-3,000,000 people
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| megalopolis | group of conurbations more than 10,000,000 people
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| megacity | over 10,000,000 people
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| world cities | cities with a dominant role in global stuff
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| metacity | over 20,000,000 people
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| core country | wealthy more developed country that other countries depend on
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| periphery country | less developed country
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| semi periphery | developing, industrializing, mostly capitalist, in between LDC and MDC
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| endangered language | a language that children are no longer learning and its remaining speakers use it less frequently
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| isolated language | a language that is unrelated to any other and not attached to a language family
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| athiest | believing god does not exist
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| agnostic | believing gods existence cant be proven or disproven empirically
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| fundamentalism | a literal interpretation and a strict/instese adherence to the basic principles of a religion, groups that mix politics with aspects of religion and claim their views as the only right ones
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| terroir | the sum of the effects on a particular food item or soil, climate, and other features of the local environment
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| development | the process of improving the conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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| GNI | gross national income, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
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| PPP | purchasing power parity, an adjustment made to GNI to account for differences among countries in the cost of goods
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| GDP | gross domestic product, the value of the output of goods/services produced in a country in a year
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| per capita | per person
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| primary sector | activities directly extracting materials from earth through agriculture
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| secondary sector | manufacturers that process, transform, assemble raw materials into useful products/ industries that fabricate manufactured goods into finished consumer goods
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| tertiary sector | the provision of goods/services to people in exchange for payment
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| productivity | the value of a product compared to labor needed to make it
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| pupil/teacher ratio | #students divided by # teachers, better to have a low ratio
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| literacy rate | percentage of country's people who can read/write
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| bulk-gaining industry | creation of products that is larger at the end of the manufacturing process
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| bulk-reducing industry | creation of a product that is smaller at the end of the manufacturing process
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| Weber's least cost theory | theory that to locate the cheapest place to put your factor consider location of inputs, cost of transportation and location of market
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| break of bulk points | a point in transportation where goods are transferred
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| complementarity | a situation where two businesses/economics complement/depend on each other
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| comparative advantage | an economy's ability to produce a particular good/service at a lower opportunity cost than others
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| quaternary sector | economic sector with intellectuals such as research and science
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| quinary sector | gold collar sector with administrative people such as CEOs bosses or government
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| high valued manufactoring | things worth more than their raw materials
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| GIScience | Geographic Information Science, the analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies
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| GIS | geographic information system, captures, stores, queries and displays the geographic data, produces maps that are more accurate than hand drawn stuff
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| photogrammertry | the science of taking measurements of earths surface from photographs
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| remote sensing | the acquisition of data about earths surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long distance methods
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| GPS | global positioning system, a system that determines the precise position of something on earth
🗑
|
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| geotagging | identification and storage of a piece of information by its precise latitude and longitude coordinates
🗑
|
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| VGI | volunteered geographic information, the creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
🗑
|
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| citizen science | scientific research by amateur scientists
🗑
|
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| PGIS | participatory geographic information science, community-based mapping
🗑
|
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| mashup | a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service
🗑
|
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| API | the language that links a data base such as address list with software such as mapping software
🗑
|
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| mental map | a personal representation of a portion of earths surface
🗑
|
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| map scale | the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map, the relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size on earth
🗑
|
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| projection | the scientific method of transferring locations on earths surface to a flat map
🗑
|
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| Winkel projection | map projection, size is good, shape is good except for a few
ellipse
🗑
|
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| Mercator projection | map projection, size is bad, shape is good, direction bad
rectangular
🗑
|
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| Goode Homolosine projection | map projection, land masses too big in comparison to ocean, size and shape is good
orange peel
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|
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| Gall-Peters projection | map projection, size is good, shape is bad
rectangle
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|
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| meridian/ longitude | arc on earth connecting north and south poles
🗑
|
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| parallel/latitude | circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator at right angle to meridians
🗑
|
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| prime meridian | 0* longitude
🗑
|
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| isoline map | map type, connects with lines all the places that have particular values
🗑
|
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| dot distribution map | map type, depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over and area
🗑
|
||||
| choropleth map | map type, recognizable areas are shaded or pattered in a proportion to the measurement of the variable
🗑
|
||||
| graduated symbol map | map type, displays symbols that change in size according to the value of the variable
🗑
|
||||
| cartogram | map type, the size of a country or state is proportional to the value of a particular variable
🗑
|
||||
| location | the position that something occupies on earths surface
🗑
|
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| absolute location | the position of a place in a way that never changes
🗑
|
||||
| language | a system of signs, sounds, gestures and marks that have meanings understood within a cultural group
🗑
|
||||
| ethnicity | identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth
🗑
|
||||
| religion | the principal system of attitudes, beliefs, and practices through which people worship in an organized way
🗑
|
||||
| spatial association | when the distribution of one feature is related to the distribution of another feature
🗑
|
||||
| globalization | a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope
🗑
|
||||
| transnational corporation | a company that conducts research, operates factories or sells products in MANY countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located
🗑
|
||||
| postructuralist geography | geography examining how the powerful in a society dominate or seek to control less powerful groups, how the dominated groups occupy space and confrontations that result from the domination
🗑
|
||||
| humanistic geography | geography emphasizing the different ways that individuals form ideas about place and give those places symbolic meanings
🗑
|
||||
| behavioral geography | geography emphasizing the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions in space
🗑
|
||||
| uneven development | the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy
🗑
|
||||
| the three major world cities | New York, London, Tokyo
🗑
|
||||
| hearth | a place from which something originates
🗑
|
||||
| meme | contagious diffusion specifically through social media or the internet
🗑
|
||||
| distance decay | the farther away something is the less they interact
🗑
|
||||
| space-time compression | the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place
🗑
|
||||
| network | chain of communication that connects places
🗑
|
||||
| environmental determinism | theory that the physical environment causes social development
🗑
|
||||
| possibilism | the physical environment may limit some human actions but people have the ability to adjust to their environment
🗑
|
||||
| polder | a piece of land created by draining water from an area by the Dutch
🗑
|
||||
| UTC | coordinated universal time, the time at the prime meridian and the master reference for all time on earth
🗑
|
||||
| international date line | an arc that for the most part follows 180* longitude, when crossed you either go forward or back 24 hours
🗑
|
||||
| cultural ecology | a geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
🗑
|
||||
| mental map | a representation of a portion of earths surface based on what an individual knows about a place that contains personal impressions of what is in the place and where the place is located
🗑
|
||||
| demographic transition stage 1 | high CBR, high CDR, low NIR
🗑
|
||||
| demographic transition stage 2 | high CBR, rapid declining CDR, very high NIR
🗑
|
||||
| demographic transition stage 3 | rapid declining CBR, declining CDR, moderate NIR
🗑
|
||||
| demographic transition stage 4 | low CBR, low CDR, 0 or negative NIR
🗑
|
||||
| medical revolution | medical technology invented in europe
🗑
|
||||
| industrial revolution | conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods
🗑
|
||||
| MMR | maternal mortality rate, the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy
🗑
|
||||
| sex ratio | number of males per 100 females
🗑
|
||||
| potential support ratio/ elderly support ratio | the number of working age people divided by the number of people 65 and older
🗑
|
||||
| population pyramid | a bar graph that displays the percentage of a places population for each age and gender
🗑
|
||||
| dependency ratio | the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition | focusing on distinctive health threats in each stage of the demographic transition
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition stage 1 | stage of demographic transition characterized by pestilence and famine
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition stage 2 | stage of demographic transition characterized by receding pandemics
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition stage 3 | stage of demographic transition characterized by degenerative diseases
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition stage 4 | stage of demographic transition characterized by delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
🗑
|
||||
| demographic transition stage 5 | theoretical, very low CBR, increasing CDR, declining NIR
🗑
|
||||
| epidemiologic transition stage 5 | stage of demographic transition characterized by evolution of diseases and poverty and increased connections
🗑
|
||||
| Thomas Malthus | british economist, one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food supplies
🗑
|
||||
| neo-malthusians | believers that food production will not be able to handle growing population growth
🗑
|
||||
| doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of increase
🗑
|
||||
| migration | a permanent move to a new location
🗑
|
||||
| circulation | short-term, repetitive or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily monthly or annually
🗑
|
||||
| Ravensteins migration principles | distance, reason why, migrants characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| migration transition | the change in the migration pattern in a society that results from the social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
🗑
|
||||
| migration transition stage 1 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high daily or seasonal mobility in search of food
🗑
|
||||
| migration transition stage 2 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high international emigration and interregional migration from rural to urban areas
🗑
|
||||
| migration transition stage 3 | stage of demographic transition characterized by high international immigration and intraregional migration from cities to suburbs
🗑
|
||||
| interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another
🗑
|
||||
| intraregional migration | movement within one region
🗑
|
||||
| emigration | migration FROM a location
🗑
|
||||
| immigration | migration TO a location
🗑
|
||||
| net migration | the difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants
🗑
|
||||
| counterurbanization | net migration from urban to rural areas
🗑
|
||||
| remittance | the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
🗑
|
||||
| unauthorized immigrants | people who enter a country without proper documents
🗑
|
||||
| brain drain | emigration by talented people
🗑
|
||||
| circular migration | the temporary movement of a migrant worker
🗑
|
||||
| immigration quota | in reference to migration a law that places maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to the country each year
🗑
|
||||
| taboo | restriction on behavior imposed by religious law or social custom
🗑
|
||||
| cultural homogenization | spread of popular culture across larger spaces results in loss of localized folk culture diversity and convergence of cultural preferences
🗑
|
||||
| franchise | an agreement between a corporation and businesspeople to market that corporations products in a local area
🗑
|
||||
| institutional language | language used in education, work, mass, media and government
🗑
|
||||
| developing language | language used in daily use by people of all ages
🗑
|
||||
| vigorous language | language in daily use by people of all ages but lacks literary tradition
🗑
|
||||
| threatened language | language used for face to face communication but is losing users
🗑
|
||||
| dying language | language used by older people but not being transmitted to children
🗑
|
||||
| literary tradition | language written as well as spoken
🗑
|
||||
| logograms | symbols that represent words or meaningful parts of words
🗑
|
||||
| official language | language used by government to enact legislation, publish documents and conduct other public business
🗑
|
||||
| working language | language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation
🗑
|
||||
| standard language | dialect of a language that is well establish and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government business and education and mass communication
🗑
|
||||
| mutual intelligibility | the ability of people speaking in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort, usually between dialects
🗑
|
||||
| extinct language | language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use
🗑
|
||||
| four largest religions | Christianity, Muslim/Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism
🗑
|
||||
| congregation | a local assembly of persons brought together for common religious worship
🗑
|
||||
| denomination | religious term uniting a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
🗑
|
||||
| branch | a large and fundamental division within a religion
🗑
|
||||
| polytheism | worshipping multiple gods
🗑
|
||||
| monotheism | believing there is only one God
🗑
|
||||
| Abrahamic origin religions | christianity, islam, judaism
🗑
|
||||
| pagodas | buddhist relics believed to contain portions of buddhas body or clothing
🗑
|
||||
| Muhammad | islamic religious figure
🗑
|
||||
| pilgrimage | important journey to holy place sometimes used as rituals
🗑
|
||||
| Guatama | buddhist religious figure
🗑
|
||||
| mosques | islamic place for worship
🗑
|
||||
| church | christian place for worship
🗑
|
||||
| gurdwara | sikh place for worship
🗑
|
||||
| synogogues | jewish place for worship
🗑
|
||||
| utopian settlement | a community built to reflect the ideals of a particular religious or social group
🗑
|
||||
| autonomous religon | self sufficient religion with little and loose cooperation and shared ideas
🗑
|
||||
| cosmogony | set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
🗑
|
||||
| dalai lama | chinese buddhist religious figure
🗑
|
||||
| ghetto | during the middle ages a neighboorhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social legal or economic discrimination
🗑
|
||||
| race | identity with a group of people who are perceived to share a physiological trait
🗑
|
||||
| triangular slave trade | trading pattern of slaves in the 18th century
🗑
|
||||
| sharecropping | working fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
🗑
|
||||
| Kurds | ethnic group in western asia in Turkey, Iran, Syria and Iraq
🗑
|
||||
| city-state | micro state comprising a city and its surrounding countryside
🗑
|
||||
| colony | a territory that is legally tired to a sovereign state rather than being completetly independent
🗑
|
||||
| weapon of mass destruction | a nuclear, biological, chemical or other weapon that can kill and bring significant harm to a large number or humans or cause great damage to human made structures, natural structures or the biosphere
🗑
|
||||
| EU | european union, made to heal scars from WWll
🗑
|
||||
| COMECON | Council for mutual economic assistance, designed to promote trade and sharing of natural resources in communist eastern europe
🗑
|
||||
| eurozone | europe all using the euro as currency in effort to strengthen economies
🗑
|
||||
| NATO | north atlantic treaty organization, a military alliance among democratic states in europe plus US and canada
🗑
|
||||
| the warsaw pact | a military agreement among communist eastern european countries
🗑
|
||||
| terrorism | the threatened or actual use of illegal force and violence by a nonstate actor to attain a political economic religious or social goal through fear coercion or intimidation
🗑
|
||||
| perforated state | a state that completely surrounds another one
🗑
|
||||
| compact state | state where the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly kinda like a circle
🗑
|
||||
| elongated states | state with long and narrow shape, may struggle with communication internally or isolation from capitals
🗑
|
||||
| fragmented state | state with several discontinuous pieces of territory
🗑
|
||||
| prorupted state | an otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
🗑
|
||||
| landlocked state | state with no direct outlet to a sea because it is completely surrounded by other countries
🗑
|
||||
| cracking | form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are spread thin to prevent them from reaching a majority
🗑
|
||||
| packing | form of gerrymandering where like-minded voters are packed into one district to prevent them from affecting elections in other districts
🗑
|
||||
| dietary energy consumption | the amount of food that an individual consumes
🗑
|
||||
| cereal grain | grass that yields grain for food
🗑
|
||||
| cash crop | crop grown for sale rather than for the farmers own use
🗑
|
||||
| crop rotation | the practice of rotating use of different fields from copr to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
🗑
|
||||
| wet rice | rice planted on dry land in a nursery and then moved as seedlings to a flooded field to promote growth
🗑
|
||||
| sawah/paddy | flooded rice field in indonesia
🗑
|
||||
| fallow | nothing planted on a crop
🗑
|
||||
| frequent relocation agriculture | form of shifting cultivation: farmers grow crops on a cleared field for only a few years until soil nutrients are depleted and then leave for many years so soil can recover
🗑
|
||||
| transhumance | seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas
🗑
|
||||
| overfishing | capturing fish faster than they can reproduce
🗑
|
||||
| aquaculture/aquafarming | the cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions
🗑
|
||||
| agribusiness | systems of commercial farming including food processing, packaging, storage, distribution, retailing
🗑
|
||||
| first ring von Thunen model | market gardens, milk producers
🗑
|
||||
| second ring von Thunen model | wood, timber
🗑
|
||||
| third ring von Thunen model | crops, pasture
🗑
|
||||
| fourth ring von Thunen model | animal grazing
🗑
|
||||
| von Thunen model | model for proximity to market choice without consideration for topographic factors
🗑
|
||||
| GMO | genetically modified organism, posseses a novel combination of genetic material obtained through the use of modern biotechnology
🗑
|
||||
| organic agriculture | farming that depends on the use of naturally occurring substances which prohibiting synthetic substances
🗑
|
||||
| conservation tillage | method of soil cultivation reducing soil erosion and runoff
🗑
|
||||
| no tillage | leaving all soil undisturbed
🗑
|
||||
| ridge tillage | system of planting crops on ridge tops
🗑
|
||||
| wallersteins world systems theory | in an increasingly unified world economy, developed countries form an inner core area whereas developing countries occupy peripheral locations
🗑
|
||||
| female labor participation rate | the percentage of women holding full time jobs outside the home
🗑
|
||||
| adolescent fertility rate | the number of births per 1000 women ages 15-19
🗑
|
||||
| the four dragons | singapore, south korea, taiwan, hong kong
🗑
|
||||
| FDI | foreign direct investment, investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
🗑
|
||||
| stimulus strategy | governments spend more money than they collect taxes, stimulate economy by putting people to work
🗑
|
||||
| austerity strategy | government should sharply reduce taxes, spending cut
🗑
|
||||
| structural adjustment program | contains economic reforms or adjustments such as economic goals strategies for achieving the objectives and external financing requirements
🗑
|
||||
| fair trade | international trade that provides greater equity to workers and small businesses in developing countries
🗑
|
||||
| cottage industry system | home based manufactoring
🗑
|
||||
| capital | the funds to establish new factories or modernize existing ones
🗑
|
||||
| demand | the quantity that people wish to consume and are able to buy
🗑
|
||||
| supply |
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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