USG Chapter 8
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| the authority of some courts to review decisions made by lower courts | appellate jurisdiction
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| the sole right to hear and decide a certain type of case, depending either on the subject matter of a case or the parties involved | exclusive jurisdiction
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| __________ means the authority to hear and decide a case. | Jurisdiction
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| cases that fall under jurisdiction of both state and federal courts | concurrent jurisdiction
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| the person making a legal complaint in court | plaintiff
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| the person against whom a complaint is filed | defendant
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| the authority of a court to be the first court to hold trials in certain kinds of cases | original jurisdiction
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| the authority of some courts to review decisions made by lower courts | appellate jurisdiction
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| the concept that a judge should interpret the Constitution according to the Framers’ original intentions | judicial restraint
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| the concept that the Constitution should be interpreted more broadly, as an evolving document, something that subsequent generations can interpret consistent with changing values and circumstances | judicial activism
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| an earlier court decision that guides judges’ decisions in later cases | precedent
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| the tradition that a senator from the same state as a nominee to a federal district court and the same political party as the president can block a nomination for virtually any reason | senatorial courtesy
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| panels of citizens set up to hear evidence of a possible crime and to recommend whether the evidence is sufficient to file criminal charges | grand juries
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| a legal process by which persons who cannot pay money they owe others can receive court protection and assistance in settling their financial problems | bankruptcy
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| district court officials responsible for overseeing some of the early hearings of a criminal trial at which routine matters are carried out, and who may also hear misdemeanor criminal cases and certain civil cases | magistrate judges
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| a minor crime | misdemeanor
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| lawyers appointed by the court to represent in criminal trials defendants who cannot afford to hire legal counsel | public defenders
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| law enforcement officers who provide security and police protection at federal courthouses, transport prisoners, help track down and arrest people accused of crimes, and provide protection to witnesses in federal cases | marshals
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| written arguments filed by the parties in an appeal | briefs
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| a person who files an appeal | appellant
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| the principle that a sovereign government cannot be taken to court unless it agrees to be sued | sovereign immunity
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| hearings held for the trial of military personnel accused of violating military law | courts-martial
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| (suhr-shuh-rar-ee) an order by a higher court seeking review of a lower court case | writ of certiorari
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| the list of cases to be heard before a court | docket
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| the Supreme Court’s ruling in a case that is signed by at least five of the nine members of the Court | majority opinion
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| statements by Supreme Court justices who agree with the overall conclusion in the case, but stress some different or additional legal reasoning | concurring opinions
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| statement written by Supreme Court justices who disagree with the majority’s decision; these opinions do not have a direct legal impact on the case, but they can influence future judgments | dissenting opinions
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| Which courts hear the vast majority of cases in the United States? | state courts
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| Who makes a legal complaint in a court proceeding? | plaintiff
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| Which type of jurisdiction is held by a court that reviews the proceedings of a lower court? | appellate jurisdiction
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| Which courts serve as the trial courts of the federal system? | district courts
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| What kind of cases makes up the major part of the Supreme Court’s load? | appeals
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| How many justices does the Supreme Court have today? | nine
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| The concept that a judge should interpret the Constitution according to the Framers’ original intention is known as judicial | restraint
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| Which term refers to previous court rulings? | precedent
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| Who holds the power to impeach a federal judge? | Congress
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| The Framers thought that making federal judgeships permanent would help ensure | judicial independence.
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| Congress and the states can check the federal judiciary by | amending the Constitution.
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| Which group gathers to hear evidence of a possible crime and to recommend whether there is sufficient evidence to file criminal charges? | grand jury
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| Which term refers to the legal process by which people who cannot pay money they owe others can receive court protection and assistance in settling their debts? | bankruptcy
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| What is the main job of a federal district court judge? | presiding over trials
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| Which of the following is a minor criminal case? | misdemeanor
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| What is the U.S. attorney’s job? | representing the United States in court
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| Who provides security at federal courthouses? | U.S. marshals
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| Which term refers to someone who files an appeal? | appellant
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| . The written arguments of each side to an appeal are called | briefs
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| If members of the military violate the Uniform Code of Military Justice, they are subject to prosecution in a | court-martial.
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| In which case did the Supreme Court declare that Congress lacked the power to outlaw slavery in the territories? | Dred Scott v. Sandford
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| After the Civil War, the Supreme Court tended to view economic regulation as something that | was an assault on property rights
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| What was President Franklin Roosevelt’s reason for wanting to “pack” the Supreme Court? | so New Deal programs would survive legal challenge
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| Who served as chief justice when the Supreme Court reached the height of its liberal era? | Earl Warren
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| The confirmation process of a nominee to the Supreme Court begins with hearings before the | Senate Judiciary Committee
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| From which court is a case most likely to make its way to the Supreme Court? | federal court of appeals
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| In the process of hearing a case, what do Supreme Court justices do after reading the written briefs? | listen to oral arguments
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| . A majority opinion is one that is signed by at least how many members of the Supreme Court? | five
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| How many district courts are there in the federal court system? | 94
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| Where does an appeal from one of the highest state courts go? | US Supreme Court
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| Where do appeals of the US Court of Appeals for veterans claims go? | US Courts of appeals for the federal circuit
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