Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism
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| show | Eukaryotic Cell
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| show | Law of Mass Action
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| Energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction | show 🗑
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| Formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids | show 🗑
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| A class of breakdown products formed from the deamination of amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | Anticodon
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| Membrane-bound cell organelle containing digestive enzymes in a highly acid solution that break down bacteria, large molecules that have entered cell, and damaged components of cell | show 🗑
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| Three-nucleotide sequence in MRNA that signifies end of protein coding sequence | show 🗑
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| show | Affinity
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| Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction CO2+H2O=H2CO3 | show 🗑
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| show | Cytochrome
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| Ionized form of lactic acid | show 🗑
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| show | Mitochondrion
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| Reactant in enzyme-mediated reaction | show 🗑
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| Sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which molecules are synthesized and broken down in cells | show 🗑
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| Ligand that, by acting at an allosteric regulatory site, alters properties of other binding sites on a protein and thus regulates its functional activity | show 🗑
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| Cytoplasmic particle that mediates linking together of amino acids to form proteins; attached to endoplasmic reticulum as bound ribosome, or suspended in cytoplasm as free ribosome | show 🗑
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| Cell junction in which extracellular surfaces of the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells are joined together; extends around epithelial cell and restricts molecule diffusion through space between cells | show 🗑
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| show | Transanimation
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| Formation of RNA containing, in linear sequence of its nucleotides, the genetic information of a specific gene; first stage of protein synthesis | show 🗑
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| show | Aerobic
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| Region of cell cytoplasm in which microtubule formation and elongation occur, particularly during cell division | show 🗑
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| Organic cofactor; generally serves as a carrier that transfers atoms or small molecular fragments from one reaction to another; is not consumed in the reaction and can be reused | show 🗑
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| show | Initiation Factors
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| Protein and nuclear RNA complex that removes introns and links exons together during gene transcription | show 🗑
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| During protein synthesis, assembly of amino acids in correct order according to genetic instructions in MRNA; occurs on ribosomes | show 🗑
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| show | Transmembrane Protein
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| show | Essential Amino Acid
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| show | Krebs Cycle
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| show | Protease
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| Any enzyme that phosphorylates other proteins by transferring to them a phosphate group from ATP | show 🗑
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| A complex of proteins capable of denaturing (unfolding) other proteins and assisting in protein degradation | show 🗑
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| Small intracellular peptide that attaches and directs them to proteasomes | show 🗑
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| Region of enzyme to which substrate binds | show 🗑
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| show | Nuclear Pore
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| show | Cholesterol
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| show | Urea
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| show | Vitamin
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| Maxim that an increase in reactant concentration causes a chemical reaction to proceed in direction of product formation; the opposite occurs with decreased reactant concentration | show 🗑
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| Double membrane surrounding cell nucleus | show 🗑
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| Large membrane-bound organelle that contains cell's DNA; (neural) cluster of neuron cell bodies in CNS | show 🗑
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| show | Microtuble
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| Intracellular fluid that surrounds cell organelles and nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | Chemical Equiliibrium
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| H2O2; Chemical produced by phagosome and highly destructive to macromolecules | show 🗑
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| Protein embedded in membrane lipid layer; may span entire membrane or be located at only one side | show 🗑
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| Any molecule or ion that binds to protein surface by noncovalent bonds | show 🗑
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| Rod-like cytoplasmic actin filament that forms major component of cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| Small cytoplasmic body having nine fused sets of microtubules; participates in nuclear and cell division | show 🗑
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| DNA region containing code words for a part of the amino acid sequence of a protein | show 🗑
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| show | Cytoplasm
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| Substance that accelerates chemical reactions but does not itself undergo any net chemical change during the reaction | show 🗑
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| show | Chromatin
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| show | Allosteric Protein
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| A series of metal-containing proteins within mitochondria that participate in the flow of electrons from proteins to molecular oxygen; they are key compnents of the energy-producing processes in all cells | show 🗑
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| Junction that holds two cells together; consists of plasma membranes of adjacent cells linked by fibers, yet separated by a 20-NM extracellular space filled with a cementing substance | show 🗑
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| show | Fluid-Mosaic Model
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| show | Intermediate Filament
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| Region of protein to which a specific ligand binds | show 🗑
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| Factor in the environment that increases mutation rate | show 🗑
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| show | Anabolism
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| show | Competition
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| show | Enzyme
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| Nuclear complexes of several histones and their associated coils of DNA | show 🗑
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| show | Histones
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| Any change in badse sequence of DNA that changes genetic information | show 🗑
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| Hydrophilic proteins associated with cytoplasmic surface of cell membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Peroxisome
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| Rate at which enzyme converts reactant to product; may be measure of the properties of enzyme's active site as altered by allosteric or covalent modulation; affects rate of enzyme-mediated reaction | show 🗑
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| show | Preinitation Complex
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| show | Procaryotic Cells
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| show | Metabolism
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| show | Golgi Apparatus
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| Lipid subclass similar to triglyceride except that a phosphate group (-PO4 2-) and small nitrogen-containing molecule are attached to third hydroxyl group of glycerol; major component of cell membranes | show 🗑
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| show | Promoter
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| Highly coiled, condensed form of chomatin formed in cell nucleus during mitosis and meiosis | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleolus
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| Transmembrane protein in plasma membrane; binds to specific proteins in extracellular matrix and on adjacent cells to help organize cells into tissues | show 🗑
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| show | Cytoskeleton
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| Membrane that forms outer surface of cell and separates cell's contents from extracellular fluid | show 🗑
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| show | Regulatory Site
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| Metabolic intermediate that transfers acetyl groups to krebs cycle and various synthetic pathways | show 🗑
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| show | Anaerobic
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| show | Pyruvate
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| Protein channels linking cytosol of adjacent cells; allows ions and small molecules to flow between cytosols of the connected cells | show 🗑
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| Substance required for normal or optimal body function but synthesized by the body either not at all or in amounts inadequate to prevent disease | show 🗑
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| Highly branched polysaccaride composed of glucose subunits; major carbohydrate storage form in body | show 🗑
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| Globular contractile protein to which myosin crossbridges bind; located in muscle thin filaments and in microfilaments of cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| Three-carbon molecule that combines with fatty acids to from triglyceride; also called glycerol 3-phosphate | show 🗑
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| Control of protein binding site properties by modulator molecules that bind to regions of the protein other than the binding site altered by them | show 🗑
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| Fluid in cells; cytosol plus fluid in cell organelles, including nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | Intron
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| Process by which energy derived from reaction between hydrogen and oxygen to form water is transferred to ATP during its formation | show 🗑
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| show | Codon
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| Series of reactions that generate hydrogen atoms (for oxidative phosphorylation) from breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl COA | show 🗑
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| show | Chemiosmotic Hypothesis
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| Ribonucleic acid that transfers genetic information for a protein's amino acid sequence from DNA to ribosome | show 🗑
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| Enzyme that removes phosphate from protein | show 🗑
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| Chemical reaction that releases large quantities of energy and results in almost all the reactant molecules being converted to product | show 🗑
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| show | Phosphorylation
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| show | Primary RNA Transcript
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| show | Covalent Modulation
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| show | Glycolysis
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| show | Ribosomal RNA (RRNA)
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| Unit of hereditary information; portion of DNA containing information required to determine a protein's amino acid sequence | show 🗑
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| Cellular breakdown of organic molecules | show 🗑
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| show | RNA Polymerase
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| show | Secretory Vesicle
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| show | Cofactor
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| Chemical reaction in which energy release is small enough for reverse reaction to occur readily | show 🗑
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| show | Signal Sequence
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| Energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction | show 🗑
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| Formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate glycerol, or amino acids | show 🗑
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| show | Keto Acid
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| show | Anticodon
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| show | Lysosome
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| show | Cilia
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| Inhibition of a metabolic pathway by final product's action upon allosteric site on an enzyme (usually the rate-limiting enzyme) in the pathway | show 🗑
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| Membrane-bound compartment, nonmembranous particle, or filament that performs specialized functions in cell | show 🗑
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| Type of RNA; different TRNAs combine with different amino acids and with codon on MRNA specific for that amino acid, thus arranging amino acids in sequence to form specific protein | show 🗑
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| show | Genome
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| Fuzzy coating on extracellular surface of plasma membrane; consists of short, branched carbohydrate chains | show 🗑
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| show | Cooperativity
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| Amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 L water by 1 ºC; calorie used in nutrition; also called calorie and large calorie | show 🗑
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| show | Adipocyte
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| Direct transfer of phosphate group from metabolic intermediate to ADP to form ATP | show 🗑
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| show | Transcription Factor
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| show | Adipose Tissue
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| show | Oxidative Deamination
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| show | Endosome
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| Slowest reaction in metabolic pathway; catalyzed by rate-limiting enzyme | show 🗑
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| show | Functional Site
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| Occupation of all available binding sites by their ligand | show 🗑
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| show | Tubulin
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| show | Calorie (CAL)
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