Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolism
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Cell containing a membrane-enclosed nucleus with genetic material; plant and animal cells | show 🗑
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Maxim that an increase in reactant concentration causes a chemical reaction to proceed in direction of product formation; the opposite occurs with decreased reactant concentration | show 🗑
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Energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction | show 🗑
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Formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or amino acids | show 🗑
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A class of breakdown products formed from the deamination of amino acids | show 🗑
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Three-nucleotide sequence in TRNA able to base-pair with complementary codon in MRNA during protein synthesis | show 🗑
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Membrane-bound cell organelle containing digestive enzymes in a highly acid solution that break down bacteria, large molecules that have entered cell, and damaged components of cell | show 🗑
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show | "Stop Signal"
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Strength with which ligand binds to its binding site | show 🗑
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Enzyme that catalyzes the reaction CO2+H2O=H2CO3 | show 🗑
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show | Cytochrome
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show | Lactate
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Rod-shaped or oval cytoplasmic organelle that produces most of cell's ATP;site of krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes | show 🗑
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show | Substrate
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Sequence of enzyme-mediated chemical reactions by which molecules are synthesized and broken down in cells | show 🗑
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show | Modulator Molecule
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Cytoplasmic particle that mediates linking together of amino acids to form proteins; attached to endoplasmic reticulum as bound ribosome, or suspended in cytoplasm as free ribosome | show 🗑
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Cell junction in which extracellular surfaces of the plasma membrane of two adjacent cells are joined together; extends around epithelial cell and restricts molecule diffusion through space between cells | show 🗑
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show | Transanimation
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show | Transcription
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In presence of oxygen | show 🗑
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show | Centrosome
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show | Coenzyme
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Proteins required for ribosomal assembly and the establishment of an initiation complex that allows new protein synthesis to begin | show 🗑
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Protein and nuclear RNA complex that removes introns and links exons together during gene transcription | show 🗑
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show | Translation
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A protein that spans the plasma membrane and contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions; often acts as a receptor or an ion channel | show 🗑
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Amino acid that cannot be formed by the body at all (or at rate adequate to meet metabolic requirements) and must be obtained from diet | show 🗑
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Mitochondrial metabolic pathway that utilizes fragments derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat breakdown and produces carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and small amounts of ATP; also called TRI carboxylic acid cycle or citric acid cycle | show 🗑
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show | Protease
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show | Protein Kinase
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A complex of proteins capable of denaturing (unfolding) other proteins and assisting in protein degradation | show 🗑
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Small intracellular peptide that attaches and directs them to proteasomes | show 🗑
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show | Active Site
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show | Nuclear Pore
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show | Cholesterol
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Major nitrogenous waste product of protein breakdown and amino acid catabolizm | show 🗑
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Organic molecule that is required in trace-amounts for normal health and growth, but it is not manufactured in the body and must be supplied by diet; classified as water-soluble (Vit C & B complex) and fat soluble (Vit A, D, E, and K) | show 🗑
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show | Law of Mass Action
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Double membrane surrounding cell nucleus | show 🗑
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show | Nucleus
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Tubular cytoplasmic filament compsed of the protein tubulin; provides internal support for cells and allows change in cell shape and organelle movement in cell | show 🗑
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Intracellular fluid that surrounds cell organelles and nucleus | show 🗑
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show | Chemical Equiliibrium
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H2O2; Chemical produced by phagosome and highly destructive to macromolecules | show 🗑
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Protein embedded in membrane lipid layer; may span entire membrane or be located at only one side | show 🗑
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Any molecule or ion that binds to protein surface by noncovalent bonds | show 🗑
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Rod-like cytoplasmic actin filament that forms major component of cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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Small cytoplasmic body having nine fused sets of microtubules; participates in nuclear and cell division | show 🗑
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show | Exon
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Region of cell interior outside the nucleus | show 🗑
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show | Catalyst
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show | Chromatin
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show | Allosteric Protein
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show | Electron Transport Chain
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Junction that holds two cells together; consists of plasma membranes of adjacent cells linked by fibers, yet separated by a 20-NM extracellular space filled with a cementing substance | show 🗑
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show | Fluid-Mosaic Model
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show | Intermediate Filament
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Region of protein to which a specific ligand binds | show 🗑
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show | Mutagen
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show | Anabolism
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Ability of similar molecules to combine with the same binding site or receptor | show 🗑
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show | Enzyme
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Nuclear complexes of several histones and their associated coils of DNA | show 🗑
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show | Histones
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Any change in badse sequence of DNA that changes genetic information | show 🗑
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Hydrophilic proteins associated with cytoplasmic surface of cell membrane | show 🗑
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Cell organelle that destroys certain toxic products by oxidative reactions | show 🗑
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Rate at which enzyme converts reactant to product; may be measure of the properties of enzyme's active site as altered by allosteric or covalent modulation; affects rate of enzyme-mediated reaction | show 🗑
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show | Preinitation Complex
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show | Procaryotic Cells
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Chemical reactions that occur in a living organism | show 🗑
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show | Golgi Apparatus
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show | Phospholipid
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Specific nucleotide sequence at beginning of gene that controls the initiation of gene transcription; determines which of the paired strands of DNA is transcribed into RNA | show 🗑
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Highly coiled, condensed form of chomatin formed in cell nucleus during mitosis and meiosis | show 🗑
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show | Nucleolus
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Transmembrane protein in plasma membrane; binds to specific proteins in extracellular matrix and on adjacent cells to help organize cells into tissues | show 🗑
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Cytoplasmic filamentous network associated with cell shape and movement | show 🗑
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show | Plasma Membrane
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show | Regulatory Site
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Metabolic intermediate that transfers acetyl groups to krebs cycle and various synthetic pathways | show 🗑
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In the absence of oxygen | show 🗑
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show | Pyruvate
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show | Gap Junction
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show | Essential Nutrient
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Highly branched polysaccaride composed of glucose subunits; major carbohydrate storage form in body | show 🗑
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show | Actin
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show | Alpha-Glycerol Phosphate
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show | Allosteric Modulation
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show | Intracellular Fluid
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Regions of noncoding nucleotides in a gene | show 🗑
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show | Oxidative Phosphorylation
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show | Codon
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Series of reactions that generate hydrogen atoms (for oxidative phosphorylation) from breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl COA | show 🗑
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The proposed mechanism by which ATP is formed during oxidative phosphorylation, the hypothesis proposes that the movement of protons across mitochondrial inner membranes is coupled with ATP production | show 🗑
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Ribonucleic acid that transfers genetic information for a protein's amino acid sequence from DNA to ribosome | show 🗑
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Enzyme that removes phosphate from protein | show 🗑
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show | Irreversible Reaction
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Addition of phosphate group to an organic molecule | show 🗑
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show | Primary RNA Transcript
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Alteration of a protein's shape, and therefore its function by the covalent binding of various chemical groups to it | show 🗑
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show | Glycolysis
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show | Ribosomal RNA (RRNA)
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show | Gene
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show | Catabolism
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Enzyme that forms RNA by joining together appropriate nucleotides after they have base-paired to DNA | show 🗑
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Membrane-bound vesicle produced by golgi apparatus; contains protein to be secreted by cell | show 🗑
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show | Cofactor
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show | Reversible Reaction
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show | Signal Sequence
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Energy necessary to disrupt existing chemical bonds during a chemical reaction | show 🗑
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Formation of glucose by the liver or kidneys from pyruvate, lactate glycerol, or amino acids | show 🗑
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A class of breakdown products fromed from the deamination of amino acids | show 🗑
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show | Anticodon
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Membrane-bound cell organelle containing digestive enzymes in a highly acid solution that break down bacteria, large molecules that have entered cell, and damaged components of cell | show 🗑
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show | Cilia
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show | End-Product Ihibition
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show | Cell Organelle
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show | Transfer RNA (TRNA)
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show | Genome
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show | Glycocalyx
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show | Cooperativity
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Amount of heat required to change the temperature of 1 L water by 1 ºC; calorie used in nutrition; also called calorie and large calorie | show 🗑
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Cell specialized for triglyceride synthesis and storage; fat cell | show 🗑
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show | Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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One of a class of proteins that act as gene switches, regulating the transcription of a particular gene by activating or repressing the initiation process | show 🗑
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Tissue composed largely of fat-storing cells | show 🗑
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Reaction in which an amino group (-NH2) from an amino acid is replaced by oxygen to form a keto acid | show 🗑
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Intracellular vesicles and tubular elements between golgi apparatus and plasma membrane; sorts and distributes vesicles during endo- and exocytosis | show 🗑
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show | Rate-Limiting Reaction
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show | Functional Site
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show | Saturation
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show | Tubulin
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Unit of heat-energy measurement; amount of heat needed to raise temperature of 1 G of water 1 ºC | show 🗑
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