Chapter 6 (Muscles)
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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| Endomysium | a connective tissue sheath that surrounds muscle fiber
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| Perimysium | loose connective tissue that surround muscle fascicle
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| Fascia | connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles
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| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle
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| Myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| Actin Myofilaments | thin myofilaments that resemble two strands of pearls twisted together
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| Myosin Myofilaments | thick myofilaments that resemble bundles of golf clubs
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| Sarcomeres | formed by actin and myosin myofilaments that create highly ordered units which are joined end to end to form myofibril
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| Z Line | attachment site for actin
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| I band | thin filaments that only consists of actin
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| A band | the darker central region of each sarcomere and extends the length of the myosin
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| H Zone | another light area located in the center of each sarcomere that only consists of myosin
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| M Line | a dark staining band that myosin myofilaments are anchored to in the center of the sarcomere
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| Resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the cell membrane
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| Action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge of a stimulated muscle cell
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| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| Neuromusclular junction (synapse) | what the muscle forms when the axon branch connects to it
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| Motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
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| Presynaptic terminal | the enlarged nerve terminal
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| Synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell
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| Postsynaptic terminal | Membrane region of a cell containing receptor sites for neurotransmitters. The muscle fiber.
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| Synaptic vesicles | located in each presynaptic terminal that secretes a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine
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| When an action potential reaches the nerve terminal what does it do? | it causes the synaptic vesicles to release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft by exocytosis
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| The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes called | acetylcholinesterase
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| Muscle contraction | occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten
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| Sliding filament mechanism | the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction
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| What happens to the bands during sliding filament mechanism | the H and I bands shorten but the A bands do not change in length
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| Muscle twitch | is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus until that stimulus reaches the | threshold
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| What is it called when the muscle fiber contracts maximally once it reaches the threshold? | all-or-none response
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| Lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction
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| Tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| Muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the cells
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| isometric | (equal distance) the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| Isotonic | (equal tension) the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| Muscle tone | muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods. keeps head up and back straight
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| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Origin | (head) is the most stationary end of the muscle
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| insertion | is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement
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| Belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion
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| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements
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| Antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the | prime mover
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks (part of the kissing muscles)
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Erector spinae (trunk muscle) | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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| biceps brachii | flexes the forearm
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| brachialis | flexes forearm
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| brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| Quadriceps femoris | extends the leg
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| Sartorius | "tailors muscle" flexes the thigh
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| Hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| Peroneus | the lateral muscles of the leg
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