Organic Chemistry and Biology
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| show | Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista
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| nucleus | show 🗑
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| show | houses Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
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| ribosomes | show 🗑
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| show | synthesis and modification of secretory, membrane-bound, organelle proteins
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| show | detoxification and glycogen breakdown in liver, steroid synthesis in gonads
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| Golgi | show 🗑
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| lysosomes | show 🗑
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| peroxisomes | show 🗑
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| In the nucleus... | show 🗑
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| show | ... because otherwise RNA primers at the 5'-most end cannot be replaced by DNA.
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| show | Densely packed chromatin that generally contain silent genes
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| show | Loosely packed chromatin that contain accessible genes.
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| nuclear matrix | show 🗑
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| nucleolus | show 🗑
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| show | Consists of double lipid bilayer, nuclear pores ("porin" proteins).
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| show | ... is contiguous with the space between the nuclear double lipid bilayer.
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| The nuclear envelope... | show 🗑
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| mitochondria | show 🗑
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| show | ... contain their own plasmid genome that encodes rRNA, tRNA, and some mitochondrial proteins. Uses unique RNA/DNA polymerases, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
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| show | ... are maternally inherited. Sperm only contributes genomic DNA.
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| show | ... synthesizes proteins that have an N-terminal signal sequence recognized by SRP. Secreted proteins leave after cleavage of the signal sequence; integral proteins have internal signal sequences and are threaded through during translation.
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| show | ... houses initial post-translational modifications, including limited glycosylation and disulfide linkage formation.
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| Golgi complex | show 🗑
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| constitutive secretory pathway | show 🗑
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| regulated secretory pathway | show 🗑
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| show | ... are made in the ER and transported from the trans-Golgi stack.
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| autophagy | show 🗑
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| crinophagy | show 🗑
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| show | Degrade things via hydrolysis in lysosomes. Activity is dependent on low pH (inactive in higher pHs).
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| Peroxisomes... | show 🗑
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| catalase | show 🗑
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| lipids of eukaryotic membranes | show 🗑
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| show | Most abundant lipid. Amphipathic molecules. (Ex: phosphatidyl choline. Two fatty acid chains esterified to glycerol attached to phosphoryl choline group.)
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| show | Amphipathic molecules with carbohydrate side chains.
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| Lipid bilayers are... | show 🗑
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| show | Associated with integral membrane proteins and not the membrane itself.
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| passive transport | show 🗑
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| active transport | show 🗑
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| simple diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | Movement of a solute down a gradient through a protein, where the membrane is intrinsically impermeable to the solute.
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| channels | show 🗑
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| show | "Carry" solutes across membrane (not a simple channel).
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| show | Carrier protein that transports one molecule at a time.
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| show | Carrier protein that transports two molecules at a time, in the same direction.
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| show | Carrier protein that transports two molecules at a time, in opposite directions.
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| show | Active transport that is coupled with ATP hydrolysis.
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| secondary active transport | show 🗑
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| show | ... reverse.
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| show | Absorbtion of large matter for degradation in lysosomes.
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| pinocytosis | show 🗑
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| show | Regulated endocytosis.
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| show | ... are organized at the MTOC, which contains two centrioles. They radiate out to form an aster, which connect to chromosomes via (microtubular) polar fibers. Centrioles are not essential to mitosis, but the MTOC is. MTs also mediate vesicle transport.
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| show | ... are more permament than MTs or microfilaments. Involved in mechanical support.
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| show | ... are responsible for gross movements of the cell.
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| cell junction | show 🗑
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| S phase | show 🗑
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| G1 phase | show 🗑
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| show | Second gap phase, between S phase and M phase.
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| show | G1-S-G2 phases combined.
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| show | Mitosis. Prophase-Metaphase-Anaphase-Telophase.
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| prophase | show 🗑
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| metaphase | show 🗑
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| anaphase | show 🗑
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| telophase | show 🗑
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| show | ... doubly diploid (2n x 2).
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