Organic Chemistry and Biology
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eukaryote kingdoms | show 🗑
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nucleus | show 🗑
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show | houses Kreb's cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
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ribosomes | show 🗑
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show | synthesis and modification of secretory, membrane-bound, organelle proteins
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SER | show 🗑
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show | modification & sorting of protein, some synthesis
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lysosomes | show 🗑
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show | metabolize lipids and toxins using peroxide
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show | ... replication, transcription, and splicing occur.
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Telomerase is necessary... | show 🗑
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show | Densely packed chromatin that generally contain silent genes
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show | Loosely packed chromatin that contain accessible genes.
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show | (i.e., nuclear scaffold) A mesh of protein believed to confer structural support to the nucleus.
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show | Not membrane-enclosed, contains DNA loops, RNA polymerases, rRNA, unassembled protein components of the ribosome. Site of transcription of only rRNA (by RNA pol I)
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show | Consists of double lipid bilayer, nuclear pores ("porin" proteins).
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The lumen of the ER... | show 🗑
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show | ... lets proteins under 60kD to diffuse freely and keeps larger proteins out. Larger proteins may pass with a nuclear localization sequence, a peptide extension of the protein.
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mitochondria | show 🗑
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show | ... contain their own plasmid genome that encodes rRNA, tRNA, and some mitochondrial proteins. Uses unique RNA/DNA polymerases, ribosomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
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show | ... are maternally inherited. Sperm only contributes genomic DNA.
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The ER... | show 🗑
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show | ... houses initial post-translational modifications, including limited glycosylation and disulfide linkage formation.
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Golgi complex | show 🗑
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constitutive secretory pathway | show 🗑
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regulated secretory pathway | show 🗑
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Lysosome proteins... | show 🗑
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autophagy | show 🗑
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crinophagy | show 🗑
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acid hydrolases | show 🗑
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Peroxisomes... | show 🗑
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show | Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen in peroxisomes.
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show | phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol
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show | Most abundant lipid. Amphipathic molecules. (Ex: phosphatidyl choline. Two fatty acid chains esterified to glycerol attached to phosphoryl choline group.)
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glycolipid | show 🗑
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Lipid bilayers are... | show 🗑
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show | Associated with integral membrane proteins and not the membrane itself.
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passive transport | show 🗑
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show | Membrane transport that requires energy.
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show | Diffusion of a solute without the use of a protein.
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facilitated diffusion | show 🗑
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channels | show 🗑
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show | "Carry" solutes across membrane (not a simple channel).
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uniport | show 🗑
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show | Carrier protein that transports two molecules at a time, in the same direction.
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show | Carrier protein that transports two molecules at a time, in opposite directions.
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show | Active transport that is coupled with ATP hydrolysis.
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secondary active transport | show 🗑
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show | ... reverse.
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show | Absorbtion of large matter for degradation in lysosomes.
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show | Nonspecific uptake of small molecules and ECF.
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receptor-mediated endocytosis | show 🗑
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Microtubules... | show 🗑
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Intermediate filaments... | show 🗑
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show | ... are responsible for gross movements of the cell.
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show | Consists of tight/occluding junctions (seal space between cells), desmosomes (hold cells together), gap junctions (allow flow of things between cells)
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S phase | show 🗑
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show | First gap phase, between M phase and S phase.
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show | Second gap phase, between S phase and M phase.
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show | G1-S-G2 phases combined.
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M phase | show 🗑
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show | Condensing of chromatin into chromosomes. Nucleolus, nucleus disappear. Spindle, kinetochore fibers appear, centriole pairs move to poles of cell.
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metaphase | show 🗑
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anaphase | show 🗑
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show | Nuclear membrane forms, chromosomes decondense, nucleolus reappears.
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show | ... doubly diploid (2n x 2).
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