Unit 1
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| Tissue | Group of similar cells and cell products that work together to. Perform a specific structural or physiological role in an organ
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| The four primary tissues | Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissue
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| Epithelial Tissue | Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption
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| Epithelial Tissue Locations | Located in the epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver, and other organs
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| Connective Tissue | Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support and protect organs and to bind other tissues and organs to each other
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| Connective Tissue Locations | Located in Tendons and ligaments, cartilage and bone, blood
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| Nervous Tissue | Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information of to other cells
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| Nervous Tissue Locations | Located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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| Muscular Tissue | Tissue composed of elongated, excitable muscle cells specialized for contraction
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| Muscular Tissue Locations | Located in skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle
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| Primary germ layers | The three tissue layers of an early embryo from which all later tissues and organs arise. (Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)
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| Ectoderm | An outer layer of embryonic tissue that gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system
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| Endoderm | Innermost layer of embryonic tissue that gives rise to the mucous membranes of the digestive and respiratory tracts and to the digestive glands
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| Mesoderm | Layer of embryonic tissue between the ectoderm and endoderm. This layer eventually turns into a gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme
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| Mesenchyme | Gelatinous tissue developed from mesoderm which gives rise to cardiac muscle, bone, and blood
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| Fixative | Chemical such as formalin that prevents decay and preserves tissue specimens
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| Longitudinal Section | Tissue cut on its long axis
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| Cross Section | A tissue cut perpendicular to its long axis
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| Oblique Section | A tissue section cut on a slant between a longitudinal and cross section
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| Smears | Tissue rubbed or spread across the slide rather than sliced
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| Spreads | Tissue laid out on the slide
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| Epithelial Tissue | Sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with the upper surface usually exposed to the environment or to an internal space in the body
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| Simple Epithelium | Tissue only having one layer of epithelial cells
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium Locations | Single layer of squamous tissue located in the alveoli of the lungs, inner lining of heart and blood vessels; serous membranes of stomach, intestines; surface mesothelium of pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and mesenteries
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium Functions | Function of this cell is to allow rapid diffusion or transport of substances through membrane and secrete lubricating serous fluid
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Locations | Single layer of square or round cells in glands; with a brush border of microvilli in some kidney tubules; ciliated in the bronchioles of the lungs
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Functions | Function of this cell is absorption, secretion, production of protective mucous coat, and movement of respiratory mucus
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium Locations | Single layer of tall, narrow cells, vertically oriented, found in the inner lining of stomach, intestines, gallbladder, uterus, and uterine tubes
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium Functions | Function of this cell is absorption, secretion of mucus and other products, and movement of egg and embryo in uterine tube
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| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Columnar cells which appear to be multilayered but all cells reach the basement membrane. Found in respiratory tract from nasal cavity to bronchi and portions of male urthra
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| Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium Functions | This cell functions to secrete and propel mucus
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| Goblet Cells | Cells often found in simple and pseudostratified columnar epithelial which produce protective mucous coatings over the mucous membranes
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| Stratified Epithelia | epithelial tissue with 2 or more layers of cells with some cells resting directly on others and only the deepest layer attached to the basement membrane
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Keratinized Appearance | Multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface. Surface covered with dead cells without nuclei and basal cells may be cuboidal to columnar
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Keratinized Locations | Location of this tissue is epidermis, palms, and foot soles
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Keratinized Functions | These cells function to resist abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms and retard water loss through skin
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Nonkeratinized Appearance | Multiple cell layers with cells becoming increasingly flat and scaly toward surface and basal cells may be cuboidal to columnar
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Nonkeratinized Locations | Location of these cells are on the tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium — Nonkeratinized Functions | These cells function to resist abrasion and penetration by pathogenic organisms
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Location | Two or more layers of square or round cells located in sweat gland ducts, egg-producing vesicles of ovaries, and sperm-producing ducts of testis
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| Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Function | These cells contribute to sweat secretion, ovarian hormones, and sperm production
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| Urothelium Appearance | This tissue somewhat resembles stratified squamous epithelium but surface cells are rounded, not flattened, and often bulge at the surface. Typically five or six cells thick when relaxed and half that when stretched. Some cells have two nuclei
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| Urothelium Locations | This tissue is located in the urinary tract — part of kidney, ureter, bladder, and part of urethra
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| Urothelium Functions | This tissue stretcher to allow filling of urinary tract and protects underlying tissues from osmotic damage by urine
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| Fibroblast | Connective tissue cell that produces collagen fibers and ground substance; the only type of cell in tendons and ligaments
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| Macrophage | Any cell of the body, other than a leukocyte, that is specialized for phagocytosis; usually derived from a blood monocytes and often functioning as an antigen-presenting cell
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| Leukocytes | Another name for white blood cells
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| Plasma cells | Cells derived from certain lymphocytes when they detect foreign agents. These cells can then synthesize antibodies.
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| Mast Cells | Connective tissue cell that secretes histamine, heparin, and other chemicals involved in inflammation
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| Adipocytes | another name for fat cells. These appear in small clusters in some fibrous connective tissue
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| Collagenous Fibers | Tough, flexible fibers found in fibrous connective tissue. These fibers are made of collagen and resist stretching
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| Reticular Fibers | Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein which form a spongelike framework for organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes. Also constitutes a part of basement membrane for underlying epithelia
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| Elastic Fibers | Fibers that are thinner than collagenous fibers which branch and rejoin each other along their course. Made of of a protein called elastin which allows it to stretcher and recoil like a rubber band
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| Ground Substance | Featureless, gelatinous - rubbery consistency in the empty space of tissue sections resulting from three classes of large molecules: glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adhesive glycoproteins
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| Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) | A long polysaccharide composed of unusual disaccharides called amino sugars and uronic acid. Plays an important role in regulating water and electrolyte balance of tissues
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| Proteoglycan | A large molecule composed of a bristlelike arrangement of GAGs surrounding a protein core in a shape resembling a bottle brush. Binds cells to extracellular materials and gives the tissue fluid a gelatinous consistency
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| Where is glycosaminoglycan (GAG) located? | This polysaccharide is located in blood vessels and cartilage
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| Where is proteoglycan located? | These molecules can be found embedded in the plasma membranes of cells, attached to the cytoskeleton on the inside and to other extracellular molecules in the matrix.
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| Dense Connective Tissue | A connective tissue with a high density of fiber, relatively little ground substance, and scanty cells; seen in the tendons and the dermis, for example
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| Dense Regular Connective Tissue | This connective tissue is found especially in tendons and ligaments. The parallel arrangement of fibers is an adaptation to the fact that they are usually pulled in predictable directions
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| Areolar Tissue | A fibrous connective tissue with loosely organized, widely spaced fibers and cells and an abundance of fluid-filled space; found under nearly every epithelium, among other places
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| Reticular Tissue | A connective tissue composed of reticular cells and reticular fibers found in the bone marrow, lymphatic organs, and in lesser amounts everywhere
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| Adipose Tissue | A connective tissue composed predominantly of adipocytes
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| Cartilage | A relatively stiff connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix
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| Chondroblasts | These cells produce cartilage
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| Lacuna | A small cavity or depression in a tissue such as bone or cartilage; called a cavernous space in erectile tissues of the penis and clitoris
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| Chondrocyte | A cartilage cell; a former chondroblast that has become enclosed in a lacuna in the cartilage matrix
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| Hyaline Cartilage | A form of cartilage with a relatively clear matrix and fine collagen fibers but no conspicuous elastic fibers or coarse collagen bundles as in other types of cartilage
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| Fibrocartilage | A type of cartilage named for its coarse, readily visible bundles of collagen
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| Elastic Cartilage | A type of cartilage named for its conspicuous elastic fibers
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| Perichondrium | A layer of fibrous connective tissue covering the surface of hyaline or elastic cartilage
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| Bone | A hard, calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton
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| Spongy Bone | This tissue fills the heads of long bones and forms the middle layer of flat bones such as the sternum and cranial bones
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| Compact (dense) Bone | A denser calcified tissue with no spaces visible to the naked eye
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| Central (osteonic) Canals | Canals which run longitudinally through the shafts of long bones such as the femur
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| Concentric Lamellae | Onionlike layers around each osteonic canal
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| Canaliculi | Delicate channels that radiate from each lacuna to its neighbors and allow osteocytes to contact each other
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| Periosteum | Tough, fibrous tissue surrounding the bone as a whole
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| Blood | A fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels
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| Nervous Tissue | A tissue composed of neurons and neuroglia
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| Muscular Tissue | Tissue specialized to contract when stimulated
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| Three Types of Muscle Tissue | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle
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| Which types of muscle tissue are striated? | Cardiac and skeletal muscle
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| Skeletal muscle is ___ (voluntary / involuntary)? | This muscle type is voluntary
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| Cardiac and smooth muscle are ___ (voluntary / involuntary)? | These muscles tissues are involuntary
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| Cellular junctions | The connections between one cell and another
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| Tight junction | A region in which adjacent cells are bound together by fusion of the outer phospholipid layers of their plasma membranes; forms a zone that encircles each cell near its apical pole and reduces or prevents flow of material between cells
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| Desmosome | A patchlike intercellular junction that mechanically links two cells together
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| Gap junction | (AKA Communicating junction); Junction through which ions, glucose, amino acids, and other small solutes can pass directly from the cytoplasm of one cell into the next
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| Gland | A cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or for elimination as waste
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| Secretion | Product released by gland that is useful to the body (such as an enzyme or hormone)
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| Excretion | Product released by gland that is a waste product (such as urine or bile)
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| Exocrine gland | A gland that secretes its products into another organ or onto the body surface, usually by way of a duct; for example, salivary and gastric glands
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| Endocrine gland | A ductless gland that secretes hormones into the bloodstream; for example, the thyroid and adrenal glands
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| Serous glans | Glands that produce relatively thin, watery fluids such as perspiration, milk, tears, and digestive juices
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| Mucous glands | Glands found in the oral and nasal cavities among other places, secrete a glycoprotein called mucin
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| Eccrine | Pertaining to gland cells that release their product by exocytosis; also called merocrine
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| Apocrine | Pertaining to certain sweat glands with large lumens and relatively thick, aromatic secretions and to similar glands such as the mammary gland
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| Holocene glands | Cells that accumulate a product and then disintegrate to become a product rather than releasing a product
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| Hyperplasia | The growth of a tissue through cellular multiplication, not cellular enlargement
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| Hypertrophy | The growth of a tissue through cellular enlargement, not cellular multiplication
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| Neoplasia | Abnormal growth of a new tissue such as a tumor with no useful function
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| Atrophy | Shrinkage of a tissue due to age, disuse, or disease
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| Necrosis | Pathological tissue death due to such causes as infection, trauma, or hypoxia
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| Infarction | The sudden death of tissue from lack of blood perfusion / an area of necrotic tissue produced by this process
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| Gangrene | Tissue necrosis resulting from ischemia
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| Decubitus Ulcer | Form of dry gangrene that occurs when immobilized persons are unable to move and continual pressure on the skin cuts off blood flow to an area
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| Apoptosis | Programmed cell death; the normal death of cells that have completed their function
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| Neuroglia | All cells of nervous tissue except neurons; cells that perform various supportive and protective roles for the neurons
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| Neurons | Basic functional unit of the nervous system
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