Topics 2.1-2.12
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| Demographic Transition Model | a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time
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| epidemiology | a branch of medicine that deals with incidence, distribution, and possible control of diseases and other factors relating to health
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| Epidemiological Transition Model | a shift in the disease pattern of a population as mortality fell during the first stages of the demographic transition. Acute infectious diseases were reduced, whereas chronic, degenerative diseases increased. It also meant a gradual upward shirt in the age distribution of deaths.
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| Crude Birth Rate (CBR) | the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year
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| Crude Death Rate (CDR) | the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year
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| demography | Scientific study of human populations
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| dependency ratio | the number of people under age 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
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| ecumene | the portion of the earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
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| infant mortality rate (IMR) | the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society
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| life expectancy | a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live
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| Maternal Mortality Rate | Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth
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| epidemic | a widespread outbreak of an infectious disease
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| pandemic | disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population
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| zero population growth | A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.
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| total fertility rate (TFR) | The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
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| Malthusian Theory |
focuses on how the exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder
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| Neo-Malthusian Theory | Revisions of Malthusian theory about food production and population growth that include more information, such as taking into account the effects of technology.
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| Boserup Theory | Population growth stimulates intensification in agricultural development- opposite of Malthus theory.
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| immigration policy | government rules governing how individuals can enter a country and how long they are allowed to stay
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| pronatalist | a government policy that encourages or forces childbearing, and outlaws or limits access to contraception
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| antinatalist | Policies that discourage people from having children (China's One Child Policy)
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| contraception | Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring
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| Ravenstein's Laws of Migration | A set of 11 "laws" that can be organized into three groups: the reasons why migrants move, the distance they typically move, and their characteristics.
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| xenophobia | a fear or hatred of foreigners or strangers
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| population distribution | a description of how individuals are distributed with respect to one another
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| population density | a measurement of the number of people per given unit of land
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| arithmetic densiy | the total number of people divided by the total land area
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| arable land | land suited for agriculture
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| physiological density | the number of people per unit of area of arable land
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| agricultural density | the ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
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| carrying capacity | largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support
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| sex ratio | the number of males per 100 females in the population
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| age cohort | people born at roughly the same time who pass through the course of life together
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| population pyramid | a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular area
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| Baby Boom | a cohort of individuals born in the USA between 1946 and 1964 which was a time of relative peace and prosperity following WW2
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| mortality | the state of being subject to death
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| fertility | the production of offspring within a population
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| doubling time | the number of years needed to double a population assuming a constant rate of natural increase
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| natural increase | the growth rate of a population; the difference between birthrate and death rate
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| demography | the scientific study of population characteristics
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| demographics | statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it
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| Migration |
Form of relocation diffusion involving permanent move to a new location.
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| Push Factors | Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.
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| pull factors | Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas
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| intervening opportunities | The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.
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| intervening obstacles | An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.
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| forced migration | Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.
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| voluntary migration | Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
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| refugees | People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
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| internally displaced person | People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.
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| asylum seeker | Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee
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| transnational migration | regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity
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| internal migration |
Permanent movement within a particular country.
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| chain migration | migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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| circular migration | The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.
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| migration transition | Migration trends follow demographic transition stages. People become increasingly mobile as industrialization develops. More international migration is seen in stage 2 as migrants search for more space and opportunities in countries in stages 3 and 4. Stage-4 countries show less emigration and more intraregional migration
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| net migration | The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration.
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| step migration | Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
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| guest worker | a foreign laborer living and working temporarily in another country
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| intraregional migration | Permanent movement within one region of a country.
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| interregional migration | movement from one region of a country to another
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| international migration | Permanent movement from one country to another.
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| emigration | movement of individuals out of an area
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| environmental degradation | damage to or destruction of the natural environment
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| brain drain | the loss of highly educated and skilled workers to other countries
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| remittances | Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries
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