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Mid-Term AP Euro

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Question
Answer
Importance of Worms   Diet of Worms; Martian Luther v Catholic Church; Luther refused to recant, was excommunticated  
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Importance of Florence   the capital of the Renaissance  
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Importance of Amsterdam   (blank)  
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Importance of Vienna   (blank)  
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Importance of Blenheim   (blank)  
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Importance of Utrecht   The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) settled the War of the Spanish Succession.  
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Importance of Aix-la-Chapelle   Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain.  
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Importance of Manchester   (blank)  
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Importance of Waterloo   the final battle for Napoleon  
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Importance of Guustavus Adolphus   (blank)  
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Importance of Leonardo da Vinci   genuis of the Renaissance  
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Importance of Magellan   his crew sailed around the world in 1521  
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Importance of Martin Luther   posted 95 theses, created protestent religon (Luthren)  
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Importance of Bishop Bossuet   an advocate to the theory of political absolutism; he made the argument that government was divine and that kings received their power from God. Louis XIV  
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Importance of James I   King of England and Scotland  
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Importance of Rousseau   important work is "The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society  
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Importance of Copernicus   founder of modern astronomy;  
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Importance of Voltaire   (blank)  
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Importance of Thomas Malthus   Essay on Population (1798)- implied that population always has a tendency to push above the food supply. any attempt to ameliorate the condition of the lower classes by increasing their incomes or improving agricultural productivity would be pointless  
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Mercantilism   Sytem of political economy after feudalism based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade.  
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laissez faire   An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws.  
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heliocentric theory   scientific theory of the sun in the center  
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secularism   The view that religious considerations should be excluded from civil affairs or public education  
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politique   someone who puts politics before religon  
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enlightened depotism   (blank)  
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natural law   laws from nature and that coincide with government laws  
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Liberty, Equality, Fraternity   Napoleons Battle cry, the ideal french government  
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Author of The Courtier   Castiglone  
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Author of The Social Contract   Rousseau  
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Author of The Prince   Machiavelli  
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Author of The Wealth of Nations   Adam Smith  
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Author of Against the Murderous and Thieving Peasants   Martin Luther  
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Author of On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies   Copernicus  
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Author of In Praise of Folly   Erasmus  
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Author of Essay on Population   Thomas Malthus  
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Author of Two Treaties on Civil Governemnt   John Locke  
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Author of Leviathan   Thomas Hobbes  
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Tennis Court Oath   Louis XVI locked the Third Estate of the Estates-General out of their meeting hall, so they met in a nearby indoor tennis court. wrote a much needed constitution  
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Bill of Rights   (blank)  
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95 Theses   complaints on the corruptions of the Catholic Church by Martin Luther  
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Edict of Nantes   Henry IV to grant French Protestants (Huguenots) substantial rights in a Catholic nation.  
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Long Parliament   (blank)  
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Fronde   (1648-1653), series of anti-royal, anti-absolutist, anti-taxation, anti-Mazarin rebellions instigated by Parlement de Paris, French nobility, spread to popular classes  
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Declaration of the Rights of Man   (blank)  
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Concordat of 1801   Napoleon attempts to create an alliance with Pope Pius VII  
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Diplomatic Revolution   (blank)  
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Continental System   Napoleon attemps to cut off Britains supply by getting every other European country against Britain  
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Areas impacted by the Renaissance   Italy and Northern Europe, but only 10% of the population  
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Impacted areas of the Protestant Reformation   (blank)  
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Babylonian Captivity   When the Catholic church moved the pope to Avignon; caused the great schism  
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Views of Martian Luther   salvation by faith alone, bible is ultimate authority, grace of god brings absolution, 7 sacraments not needed, clergy not superior to laity, only lords supper and baptism are necessary, church is subordinate to state  
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The Schmalkaldic League   formed in fear of Charles V  
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Peasant’s War   first modern peasant uprising; they revolt "in the name of Luther"; Luther says "crush them"  
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Peace of Augsburg   allowed the ruler of the land to choose between Lutherism and Catholicism  
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"Cuis regio, eius religio"   "whose religion, their religion" subjects must accept their ruler’s religion  
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Calvinism   began with Zwingli, disagreed with the concept of Transubstiation; known as the Protestant Rome  
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John Calvin   same as Luther, except for the role of the state in church affairs; wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion  
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Views of Calvin   Predestination and church needs a role in gov.  
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predestination   man is predestined to go to heaven or hell  
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John Knox   spread Calvinism to Scotland; Presbyterianism  
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Huguenots   French Calvinists  
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Henry VIII   broke away from Catholic church to divorce Catharine of Aragon- created the Anglican church  
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Act of Supremacy   Henry VIII is head of church, not pope. he takes away monastery lands and executes Thomas More  
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Edward I   Protestant heir of Henry VIII  
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Mary I   Brings Inquisition to England- "Bloody Mary"  
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Elizabeth I   practiced Politique- Religious toleration  
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39 articles   broad and ambiguous religious topics which both Protestants and Catholic could believe in  
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Anglican Church   founded by Elizabeth I  
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High Commission   "Anglican Inquisition" in belief, but not practice  
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Elizabethan Age   When Elizabeth ruled; Shakespeare wrote plays in this age  
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Index of Prohibited Books   pope instituted forbidden reading material in order to stop protestants  
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Council of Trent   agreed that no concessions will be made to the Protestants  
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Catholic Counter-Reformation   Catholic doctrine remained the same, ended nepotism and indulgences  
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Pope Paul III   pope during counter crusade  
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Ignatius Loyola   founder of the Jesuits  
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Jesuits   society of Jesus. Strict, militant counter reformers  
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Gutenberg   printing press  
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Ignatius Loyola   solider of the church, a militant crusader for the pope; established the Society of Jesus; wrote Spiritual Exercises  
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Indulgence   selling forgiveness by Pope Leo X  
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Inquisition   A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy.  
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Faith   belief in Jesus  
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Works   do good things to get into heaven  
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anabaptists   viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer’s conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life  
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Mennonites   A member of an Anabaptist church characterized particularly by simplicity of life, pacifism, and nonresistance  
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Humanism   A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome  
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Erasmus   believed the pope should come second to the bible  
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Philip II   king at height of Spanish power  
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Spanish decline   revolts in Netherlands (1566); defeat of Armada (1588)  
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Fall from dominance   "was the original achievement no more than an illusion?"  
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Escorial   Philip II palace/monastary  
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"one monarch, one empire, one sword"   Philip II’s dream  
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Drove himself hard;   drove sick-son to death  
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Price increase   in food (5-6x’s; 1500-1650)  
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Taxes   Spanish and french nobles exempt; burden falls more on peasants  
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Bankruptcy   1599-1648 Spain declared 3 times, France 2  
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Peace of Westphalia   end of Netherlands revolt  
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William of Orange   leader for the Dutch, "The Silent"  
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Prince of Parma, Prince of Alva, and Don Juan   Spanish generals  
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Giovanni de Medici   Founders of Florence first modern man  
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Valla   discovered the Donation of Constantine  
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Raphael   "School of Athens"  
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Donatello   "Bronze David"  
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Brunelleschi   Dome in Florence  
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Michelangelo   Sistine Chapel- "Creation of Adam" and Marble staute of David  
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Perugeno   "The Delivery of the Keys"  
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Tition   "Ages of Man"  
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Rembrant   "Night Watch"  
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Da Vinci   "Last Supper"  
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Fresco   Painting on wet plaster  
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Linear Perspective   Art style develpoed by Giotto  
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Chiaroscuro   use of light to portray emotion  
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Botticelli   Birth of Venus  
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Durer   Famous for wood carvings  
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Van Dyck   Dutch artist  
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3 Church Abuses   Simony, Nepotism, Pluralism  
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Simony   buying and selling of church property  
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Nepotism   appointing family members to position of power  
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Pluralism   holding more than one office at a time  
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Wycliff   believed the church was corrupt and comes up with first ideas of reformation  
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Jan Hus   a Czech who believed the church should reform  
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Council of Constance   ends the Great Schism and Babylonian Captivity. Charles V takes control. Huss burnt at stake  
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The Great Schism   moral decline of the Renaissance popes made people question papal infallibility  
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John Tetzel   seller of indulgences for Pope Leo X  
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Martian Luther   95 theses about Catholic corruptions, Protestant branch  
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Council of Troubles   attempted to end Calvinism in the Netherlands  
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Northern part of the Netherlands   7 provinces- United provinces  
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Why did Spain need the Netherlands?   it was the wealthiest part of the Spanish territory, they bought Spanish wool, and they were at a prime spot to attack England  
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James I   (1603-1625) -- supported absolute divine-right. wrote True Law of Free Monarchy and translated the bible into the KJV. "the wisest fool in Christendom" wanted a pure Anglican government  
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Charles I   claimed divine right and the Theory of Absolutism. Parl made him sign the Petition of Rights.  
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Hobbes   pro-absolutism; anti-"divine-right" Wrote The Leviathan  
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Locke   rejected absolute governments. basic human rights that no government can take away: life, liberty, and property. the right of the citizen to rebel against a government that violated these basic human rights  
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Oliver Cromwell   leader of roundheads, creates New Model Army and Puritan Army (very modern) he wins, then dissolves Parliament; declares himself "Lord Protector of England"  
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Restoration   1660 Parl asks Charles to be king  
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Glorious Revolution   "Bloodless Revolution"  
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Puritan   extreme Calvinist;  
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Presbyterian   Scottish Calvinist  
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Anglican   moderate Protestant  
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James VI of Scotland   becomes James I of England, uniting Scotland and England under one crown  
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"The True Law of Free Monarchy"   written by James I saying that a free monarchy is one without having to deal with parliaments  
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"tunnage and poundage"   rights given to the king by Parl  
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Archbishop Laud   suporter of Charles I, believed in divine right, intolerant of persperterians and puritins, wanted to get them out of the land, as did Charles I, sent to supress the prespetierians in Scotland  
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ship money tax   coastal part of England taxed;  
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Long Parliament   when confronted with more financial problems, Charles I called the Parl together again, and they passed laws and Earl of Strafford executed (walker guy in movie)  
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Solemn League and Covenant   Presbyterian established religion in England, Scotland, and Ireland  
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Roundheads   Puritan Army  
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Levellers   want election for all males (and some females)- they were too radical  
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Diggers   a group of people who continued to ocupy and culvinate the farmland  
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Fifth Monarchy Men   group of people who felt end of world was at hand, 3 empiers of assyria, Persia, Alexander, and Caesar.  
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Charles II   (1660-1685)Stuart Restoration he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don’t mess with Parliament!) religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics. Test Act (1673).  
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Dissenters   puritins who refused to acsept the restored Church of England  
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Treaty of Dover   secret treaty Charles II made with Louis XIV in his war against the Dutch, and Louis pay Chales for each year he helps, in hopes that he will rejoin the catholic church  
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Declaration of indulgence   catholics and non-Anglicans are free to worship and hold office  
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Test Act   1673- no catholich could hole high office  
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Whigs   people who support the Test Act (wanted Monmouth or Mary as monarch)  
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Scottish philosopher   Hume  
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Intellectual revolution   Enlightenment  
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Clockmaker theory   Diesm  
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Perhaps greatest French philosophe   Voltaire  
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Promoting human welfare and social reform   Humanitarianism  
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Catherine the Great; Frederick the Great   Enlightened Despots  
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"Power checks power"   Montesquiue  
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Voltaire wrote?   Candide  
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Montesquieu wrote?   The Spirit of Laws  
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Wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds   Fontenelle  
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Wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary   Bayle  
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Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding   John Locke  
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Montesquieu's social satire (1721)   The Persian Letters  
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Wrote System of Nature   d'Holbach  
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German philosopher   Kant  
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Locke's blank slate theory   “Tabula-Rasa”, stated that the human mind was essentially a blank tablet, and that their identity is defined entirely by events after birth.  
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Diderot and d'Alembert edited   Encyclopedia  
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Aristelian world-view   Geocentric  
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Polish astronomer with heliocentric theory   Copernicus  
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Italian scientist - formulated law of Inertia   Galileo  
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English scientist formulated the laws of gravity   Newton  
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English politician formulated empirical method   Bacon  
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Danish astronomer (1561-1601)   Brahe  
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Wrote Discourse on Methods   Descartes  
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Center for scientific activity   Gresham  
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Established by Charles II to help science   The Royal Society of London  
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Blood circulates through the human body   Harvey  
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Brahe's assistant formulated 3 laws of motion   Kepler  
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Descartes idea that the world consists of two fundamental entities   Dualism  
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Newton wrote?   Principia Mathematica  
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Proceed from the particular to the general; from the concrete to the abstract   Inductive method  
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Start at the general and then get specific   Deductive Method  
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Descartes wrote?   Discourse on Method  
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Cogito ergo sum   I think therefore i am  
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Second century Greek scientist   Ptolemy  
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Ptolemy wrote?   Almagest  
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Conflict over rival claims to the Habsburg throne   (blank)  
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Prussian landed aristocracy   (blank)  
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German royal family   Hohenzollern  
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The "Great Elector"   Fredrick William  
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Sovereignty embodied in the ruler   (blank)  
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Civil war in France during the reign of Louis XIII   Fronde  
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Louis XIV's Controller of Finance   Colbert  
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Established absolutism for Louis XIII   (blank)  
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Louis XIV   the "Sun King"  
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Government economic policies for the regulation of the state   (blank)  
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Writer who analyzed the power of love   Racine  
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Created Versailles   Louis XIV  
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Limitation of government by law   (blank)  
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Art and literature advanced under Louis XIV   French Classicism  
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Lord Protector of England   Cromwell  
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Restored the English monarchy to Charles II   (blank)  
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Marked the end of French expansionst policy   (blank)  
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Belief that a monarch's power is derived from God   Divine Right  
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Radical groups in England who called for the abolition of private property   (blank)  
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Declared sovereignty resides with Parliament   (blank)  
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First Stuart monarch   James I  
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Prohibited Catholics from holding political office   (blank)  
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Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution   (blank)  
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Romanov czar who westernized Russia   Peter the Great  
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Swedish Lutheran leader in the Thirty Years' War   (blank)  
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Spanish soldier sent to pacify the Low Countries   (blank)  
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First European to reach the Pacific Ocean (1513)   (blank)  
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French gains the right to appoint bishops   (blank)  
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Defeated the Aztecs   (blank)  
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Throwing Catholics from a castle window   (blank)  
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First European to reach the southern tip of Africa   (blank)  
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Granted Huguenots the right to public worship (1598)   (blank)  
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First Tudor monarch (1485)   (blank)  
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Last Tudor monarch (1603)   (blank)  
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"Paris is worth a Mass"   (blank)  
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Ended the Thirty Years' War   (blank)  
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Ordered the Armada against England   (blank)  
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Conqueror of Incas   (blank)  
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Catholic attack on Calvinists   (blank)  
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Leader of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands   (blank)  
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First to circumnavigate the globe   Magellen  
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Established a school for sailors at Sagres   (blank)  
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Line of Demarcation   (blank)  
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Italian who explored the North coast of America   (blank)  
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Water route to Asia through Canada   (blank)  
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Recognized independence of German princes   Peace of Augsburg (1555)  
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Expelling the Jews and Moors from Spain   (blank)  
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'Universal Monarch'   Charles V  
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Returned England to the papacy   (blank)  
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Sensous art indicative of the Counter Reformation   (blank)  
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Pious laypeople of Holland who initiated a religious revival   (blank)  
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"Universal Monarch"   Charles V  
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French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva   john calvin  
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Calvinist leader in Scotland   John Knox  
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Chancellor of England; wrote Utopia; beheaded by Henry VIII   Thomas More  
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Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion   (blank)  
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Selling of church offices   Simony  
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Holding more than one church office   Pluralism  
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Where the state is subordinate to the church   (blank)  
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Lending money for interest   usuary  
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Society of Jesus; resisted Protestantism   Jesuits  
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Papal pardon for sins   Indulgences  
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A list of prohibited books   The Index  
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Wrote the 95 Thesis   Martin Luther  
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Tried to reform the abuses of the Catholic Church   Council of Trent  
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Declared the king supreme head of the Church of England   Act of Supermacy (1534)  
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Bread and wine undergo a spiritual change   Consubstantiation  
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Granted Huguenots religious freedom   Edict of Nantes  
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Expelling a person from the church   Excommunication  
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French Calvinists   Huguenots  
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Founded the Society of Jesus   Ignatius Loyola  
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Leading seller of indulgences   Johann Tetzel  
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Order of nuns dedicated to teaching young girls   Ursuline  
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Religion of Scandinavia   (blank)  
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Henry VIII's second wife   Anne Boleyn  
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Henry VIII's first wife   Catherine of Aragon  
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Required the Clergy to submit to the king of England   (blank)  
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Declared the king supreme sovereign of England   (blank)  
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Radical religious leader in Zurich   (blank)  
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1450- knowledge of the world came from?   church  
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how was knowledge/information given to court   orally  
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how was knowledge/information passed around society/villages   the elderly  
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how were books recorded   written by hand usually in monastary  
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what was the effect of the Black Death   the ones who survived recived an economic increase due to labor shortages  
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what was the effect of towns   roads were built, trade went up, paper was manufactured  
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How did the first printing press work?   make small blocks with backwards letters, arrange them in sentences and cover it with ink then paper.  
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who were the printing presses sold to?   churches (monks were the only ones who could read)  
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Luther's first "nationalism"   a bible in a language the masses could understand  
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printing caused what major event?   the renaissance  
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