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Renaissance-Napoleon
Mid-Term AP Euro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Importance of Worms | Diet of Worms; Martian Luther v Catholic Church; Luther refused to recant, was excommunticated |
| Importance of Florence | the capital of the Renaissance |
| Importance of Amsterdam | (blank) |
| Importance of Vienna | (blank) |
| Importance of Blenheim | (blank) |
| Importance of Utrecht | The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) settled the War of the Spanish Succession. |
| Importance of Aix-la-Chapelle | Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668) ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain. |
| Importance of Manchester | (blank) |
| Importance of Waterloo | the final battle for Napoleon |
| Importance of Guustavus Adolphus | (blank) |
| Importance of Leonardo da Vinci | genuis of the Renaissance |
| Importance of Magellan | his crew sailed around the world in 1521 |
| Importance of Martin Luther | posted 95 theses, created protestent religon (Luthren) |
| Importance of Bishop Bossuet | an advocate to the theory of political absolutism; he made the argument that government was divine and that kings received their power from God. Louis XIV |
| Importance of James I | King of England and Scotland |
| Importance of Rousseau | important work is "The Social Contract" that describes the relationship of man with society |
| Importance of Copernicus | founder of modern astronomy; |
| Importance of Voltaire | (blank) |
| Importance of Thomas Malthus | Essay on Population (1798)- implied that population always has a tendency to push above the food supply. any attempt to ameliorate the condition of the lower classes by increasing their incomes or improving agricultural productivity would be pointless |
| Mercantilism | Sytem of political economy after feudalism based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade. |
| laissez faire | An economic doctrine that opposes governmental regulation of or interference in commerce beyond the minimum necessary for a free-enterprise system to operate according to its own economic laws. |
| heliocentric theory | scientific theory of the sun in the center |
| secularism | The view that religious considerations should be excluded from civil affairs or public education |
| politique | someone who puts politics before religon |
| enlightened depotism | (blank) |
| natural law | laws from nature and that coincide with government laws |
| Liberty, Equality, Fraternity | Napoleons Battle cry, the ideal french government |
| Author of The Courtier | Castiglone |
| Author of The Social Contract | Rousseau |
| Author of The Prince | Machiavelli |
| Author of The Wealth of Nations | Adam Smith |
| Author of Against the Murderous and Thieving Peasants | Martin Luther |
| Author of On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies | Copernicus |
| Author of In Praise of Folly | Erasmus |
| Author of Essay on Population | Thomas Malthus |
| Author of Two Treaties on Civil Governemnt | John Locke |
| Author of Leviathan | Thomas Hobbes |
| Tennis Court Oath | Louis XVI locked the Third Estate of the Estates-General out of their meeting hall, so they met in a nearby indoor tennis court. wrote a much needed constitution |
| Bill of Rights | (blank) |
| 95 Theses | complaints on the corruptions of the Catholic Church by Martin Luther |
| Edict of Nantes | Henry IV to grant French Protestants (Huguenots) substantial rights in a Catholic nation. |
| Long Parliament | (blank) |
| Fronde | (1648-1653), series of anti-royal, anti-absolutist, anti-taxation, anti-Mazarin rebellions instigated by Parlement de Paris, French nobility, spread to popular classes |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | (blank) |
| Concordat of 1801 | Napoleon attempts to create an alliance with Pope Pius VII |
| Diplomatic Revolution | (blank) |
| Continental System | Napoleon attemps to cut off Britains supply by getting every other European country against Britain |
| Areas impacted by the Renaissance | Italy and Northern Europe, but only 10% of the population |
| Impacted areas of the Protestant Reformation | (blank) |
| Babylonian Captivity | When the Catholic church moved the pope to Avignon; caused the great schism |
| Views of Martian Luther | salvation by faith alone, bible is ultimate authority, grace of god brings absolution, 7 sacraments not needed, clergy not superior to laity, only lords supper and baptism are necessary, church is subordinate to state |
| The Schmalkaldic League | formed in fear of Charles V |
| Peasant’s War | first modern peasant uprising; they revolt "in the name of Luther"; Luther says "crush them" |
| Peace of Augsburg | allowed the ruler of the land to choose between Lutherism and Catholicism |
| "Cuis regio, eius religio" | "whose religion, their religion" subjects must accept their ruler’s religion |
| Calvinism | began with Zwingli, disagreed with the concept of Transubstiation; known as the Protestant Rome |
| John Calvin | same as Luther, except for the role of the state in church affairs; wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion |
| Views of Calvin | Predestination and church needs a role in gov. |
| predestination | man is predestined to go to heaven or hell |
| John Knox | spread Calvinism to Scotland; Presbyterianism |
| Huguenots | French Calvinists |
| Henry VIII | broke away from Catholic church to divorce Catharine of Aragon- created the Anglican church |
| Act of Supremacy | Henry VIII is head of church, not pope. he takes away monastery lands and executes Thomas More |
| Edward I | Protestant heir of Henry VIII |
| Mary I | Brings Inquisition to England- "Bloody Mary" |
| Elizabeth I | practiced Politique- Religious toleration |
| 39 articles | broad and ambiguous religious topics which both Protestants and Catholic could believe in |
| Anglican Church | founded by Elizabeth I |
| High Commission | "Anglican Inquisition" in belief, but not practice |
| Elizabethan Age | When Elizabeth ruled; Shakespeare wrote plays in this age |
| Index of Prohibited Books | pope instituted forbidden reading material in order to stop protestants |
| Council of Trent | agreed that no concessions will be made to the Protestants |
| Catholic Counter-Reformation | Catholic doctrine remained the same, ended nepotism and indulgences |
| Pope Paul III | pope during counter crusade |
| Ignatius Loyola | founder of the Jesuits |
| Jesuits | society of Jesus. Strict, militant counter reformers |
| Gutenberg | printing press |
| Ignatius Loyola | solider of the church, a militant crusader for the pope; established the Society of Jesus; wrote Spiritual Exercises |
| Indulgence | selling forgiveness by Pope Leo X |
| Inquisition | A tribunal formerly held in the Roman Catholic Church and directed at the suppression of heresy. |
| Faith | belief in Jesus |
| Works | do good things to get into heaven |
| anabaptists | viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer’s conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life |
| Mennonites | A member of an Anabaptist church characterized particularly by simplicity of life, pacifism, and nonresistance |
| Humanism | A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome |
| Erasmus | believed the pope should come second to the bible |
| Philip II | king at height of Spanish power |
| Spanish decline | revolts in Netherlands (1566); defeat of Armada (1588) |
| Fall from dominance | "was the original achievement no more than an illusion?" |
| Escorial | Philip II palace/monastary |
| "one monarch, one empire, one sword" | Philip II’s dream |
| Drove himself hard; | drove sick-son to death |
| Price increase | in food (5-6x’s; 1500-1650) |
| Taxes | Spanish and french nobles exempt; burden falls more on peasants |
| Bankruptcy | 1599-1648 Spain declared 3 times, France 2 |
| Peace of Westphalia | end of Netherlands revolt |
| William of Orange | leader for the Dutch, "The Silent" |
| Prince of Parma, Prince of Alva, and Don Juan | Spanish generals |
| Giovanni de Medici | Founders of Florence first modern man |
| Valla | discovered the Donation of Constantine |
| Raphael | "School of Athens" |
| Donatello | "Bronze David" |
| Brunelleschi | Dome in Florence |
| Michelangelo | Sistine Chapel- "Creation of Adam" and Marble staute of David |
| Perugeno | "The Delivery of the Keys" |
| Tition | "Ages of Man" |
| Rembrant | "Night Watch" |
| Da Vinci | "Last Supper" |
| Fresco | Painting on wet plaster |
| Linear Perspective | Art style develpoed by Giotto |
| Chiaroscuro | use of light to portray emotion |
| Botticelli | Birth of Venus |
| Durer | Famous for wood carvings |
| Van Dyck | Dutch artist |
| 3 Church Abuses | Simony, Nepotism, Pluralism |
| Simony | buying and selling of church property |
| Nepotism | appointing family members to position of power |
| Pluralism | holding more than one office at a time |
| Wycliff | believed the church was corrupt and comes up with first ideas of reformation |
| Jan Hus | a Czech who believed the church should reform |
| Council of Constance | ends the Great Schism and Babylonian Captivity. Charles V takes control. Huss burnt at stake |
| The Great Schism | moral decline of the Renaissance popes made people question papal infallibility |
| John Tetzel | seller of indulgences for Pope Leo X |
| Martian Luther | 95 theses about Catholic corruptions, Protestant branch |
| Council of Troubles | attempted to end Calvinism in the Netherlands |
| Northern part of the Netherlands | 7 provinces- United provinces |
| Why did Spain need the Netherlands? | it was the wealthiest part of the Spanish territory, they bought Spanish wool, and they were at a prime spot to attack England |
| James I | (1603-1625) -- supported absolute divine-right. wrote True Law of Free Monarchy and translated the bible into the KJV. "the wisest fool in Christendom" wanted a pure Anglican government |
| Charles I | claimed divine right and the Theory of Absolutism. Parl made him sign the Petition of Rights. |
| Hobbes | pro-absolutism; anti-"divine-right" Wrote The Leviathan |
| Locke | rejected absolute governments. basic human rights that no government can take away: life, liberty, and property. the right of the citizen to rebel against a government that violated these basic human rights |
| Oliver Cromwell | leader of roundheads, creates New Model Army and Puritan Army (very modern) he wins, then dissolves Parliament; declares himself "Lord Protector of England" |
| Restoration | 1660 Parl asks Charles to be king |
| Glorious Revolution | "Bloodless Revolution" |
| Puritan | extreme Calvinist; |
| Presbyterian | Scottish Calvinist |
| Anglican | moderate Protestant |
| James VI of Scotland | becomes James I of England, uniting Scotland and England under one crown |
| "The True Law of Free Monarchy" | written by James I saying that a free monarchy is one without having to deal with parliaments |
| "tunnage and poundage" | rights given to the king by Parl |
| Archbishop Laud | suporter of Charles I, believed in divine right, intolerant of persperterians and puritins, wanted to get them out of the land, as did Charles I, sent to supress the prespetierians in Scotland |
| ship money tax | coastal part of England taxed; |
| Long Parliament | when confronted with more financial problems, Charles I called the Parl together again, and they passed laws and Earl of Strafford executed (walker guy in movie) |
| Solemn League and Covenant | Presbyterian established religion in England, Scotland, and Ireland |
| Roundheads | Puritan Army |
| Levellers | want election for all males (and some females)- they were too radical |
| Diggers | a group of people who continued to ocupy and culvinate the farmland |
| Fifth Monarchy Men | group of people who felt end of world was at hand, 3 empiers of assyria, Persia, Alexander, and Caesar. |
| Charles II | (1660-1685)Stuart Restoration he learned the lessons of his predecessors (Don’t mess with Parliament!) religious toleration, but leaned toward the Catholics. Test Act (1673). |
| Dissenters | puritins who refused to acsept the restored Church of England |
| Treaty of Dover | secret treaty Charles II made with Louis XIV in his war against the Dutch, and Louis pay Chales for each year he helps, in hopes that he will rejoin the catholic church |
| Declaration of indulgence | catholics and non-Anglicans are free to worship and hold office |
| Test Act | 1673- no catholich could hole high office |
| Whigs | people who support the Test Act (wanted Monmouth or Mary as monarch) |
| Scottish philosopher | Hume |
| Intellectual revolution | Enlightenment |
| Clockmaker theory | Diesm |
| Perhaps greatest French philosophe | Voltaire |
| Promoting human welfare and social reform | Humanitarianism |
| Catherine the Great; Frederick the Great | Enlightened Despots |
| "Power checks power" | Montesquiue |
| Voltaire wrote? | Candide |
| Montesquieu wrote? | The Spirit of Laws |
| Wrote Conversations on the Plurality of Worlds | Fontenelle |
| Wrote Historical and Critical Dictionary | Bayle |
| Wrote Essay Concerning Human Understanding | John Locke |
| Montesquieu's social satire (1721) | The Persian Letters |
| Wrote System of Nature | d'Holbach |
| German philosopher | Kant |
| Locke's blank slate theory | “Tabula-Rasa”, stated that the human mind was essentially a blank tablet, and that their identity is defined entirely by events after birth. |
| Diderot and d'Alembert edited | Encyclopedia |
| Aristelian world-view | Geocentric |
| Polish astronomer with heliocentric theory | Copernicus |
| Italian scientist - formulated law of Inertia | Galileo |
| English scientist formulated the laws of gravity | Newton |
| English politician formulated empirical method | Bacon |
| Danish astronomer (1561-1601) | Brahe |
| Wrote Discourse on Methods | Descartes |
| Center for scientific activity | Gresham |
| Established by Charles II to help science | The Royal Society of London |
| Blood circulates through the human body | Harvey |
| Brahe's assistant formulated 3 laws of motion | Kepler |
| Descartes idea that the world consists of two fundamental entities | Dualism |
| Newton wrote? | Principia Mathematica |
| Proceed from the particular to the general; from the concrete to the abstract | Inductive method |
| Start at the general and then get specific | Deductive Method |
| Descartes wrote? | Discourse on Method |
| Cogito ergo sum | I think therefore i am |
| Second century Greek scientist | Ptolemy |
| Ptolemy wrote? | Almagest |
| Conflict over rival claims to the Habsburg throne | (blank) |
| Prussian landed aristocracy | (blank) |
| German royal family | Hohenzollern |
| The "Great Elector" | Fredrick William |
| Sovereignty embodied in the ruler | (blank) |
| Civil war in France during the reign of Louis XIII | Fronde |
| Louis XIV's Controller of Finance | Colbert |
| Established absolutism for Louis XIII | (blank) |
| Louis XIV | the "Sun King" |
| Government economic policies for the regulation of the state | (blank) |
| Writer who analyzed the power of love | Racine |
| Created Versailles | Louis XIV |
| Limitation of government by law | (blank) |
| Art and literature advanced under Louis XIV | French Classicism |
| Lord Protector of England | Cromwell |
| Restored the English monarchy to Charles II | (blank) |
| Marked the end of French expansionst policy | (blank) |
| Belief that a monarch's power is derived from God | Divine Right |
| Radical groups in England who called for the abolition of private property | (blank) |
| Declared sovereignty resides with Parliament | (blank) |
| First Stuart monarch | James I |
| Prohibited Catholics from holding political office | (blank) |
| Political theorist who defended the Glorious Revolution | (blank) |
| Romanov czar who westernized Russia | Peter the Great |
| Swedish Lutheran leader in the Thirty Years' War | (blank) |
| Spanish soldier sent to pacify the Low Countries | (blank) |
| First European to reach the Pacific Ocean (1513) | (blank) |
| French gains the right to appoint bishops | (blank) |
| Defeated the Aztecs | (blank) |
| Throwing Catholics from a castle window | (blank) |
| First European to reach the southern tip of Africa | (blank) |
| Granted Huguenots the right to public worship (1598) | (blank) |
| First Tudor monarch (1485) | (blank) |
| Last Tudor monarch (1603) | (blank) |
| "Paris is worth a Mass" | (blank) |
| Ended the Thirty Years' War | (blank) |
| Ordered the Armada against England | (blank) |
| Conqueror of Incas | (blank) |
| Catholic attack on Calvinists | (blank) |
| Leader of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands | (blank) |
| First to circumnavigate the globe | Magellen |
| Established a school for sailors at Sagres | (blank) |
| Line of Demarcation | (blank) |
| Italian who explored the North coast of America | (blank) |
| Water route to Asia through Canada | (blank) |
| Recognized independence of German princes | Peace of Augsburg (1555) |
| Expelling the Jews and Moors from Spain | (blank) |
| 'Universal Monarch' | Charles V |
| Returned England to the papacy | (blank) |
| Sensous art indicative of the Counter Reformation | (blank) |
| Pious laypeople of Holland who initiated a religious revival | (blank) |
| "Universal Monarch" | Charles V |
| French theologian who established a theocracy in Geneva | john calvin |
| Calvinist leader in Scotland | John Knox |
| Chancellor of England; wrote Utopia; beheaded by Henry VIII | Thomas More |
| Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion | (blank) |
| Selling of church offices | Simony |
| Holding more than one church office | Pluralism |
| Where the state is subordinate to the church | (blank) |
| Lending money for interest | usuary |
| Society of Jesus; resisted Protestantism | Jesuits |
| Papal pardon for sins | Indulgences |
| A list of prohibited books | The Index |
| Wrote the 95 Thesis | Martin Luther |
| Tried to reform the abuses of the Catholic Church | Council of Trent |
| Declared the king supreme head of the Church of England | Act of Supermacy (1534) |
| Bread and wine undergo a spiritual change | Consubstantiation |
| Granted Huguenots religious freedom | Edict of Nantes |
| Expelling a person from the church | Excommunication |
| French Calvinists | Huguenots |
| Founded the Society of Jesus | Ignatius Loyola |
| Leading seller of indulgences | Johann Tetzel |
| Order of nuns dedicated to teaching young girls | Ursuline |
| Religion of Scandinavia | (blank) |
| Henry VIII's second wife | Anne Boleyn |
| Henry VIII's first wife | Catherine of Aragon |
| Required the Clergy to submit to the king of England | (blank) |
| Declared the king supreme sovereign of England | (blank) |
| Radical religious leader in Zurich | (blank) |
| 1450- knowledge of the world came from? | church |
| how was knowledge/information given to court | orally |
| how was knowledge/information passed around society/villages | the elderly |
| how were books recorded | written by hand usually in monastary |
| what was the effect of the Black Death | the ones who survived recived an economic increase due to labor shortages |
| what was the effect of towns | roads were built, trade went up, paper was manufactured |
| How did the first printing press work? | make small blocks with backwards letters, arrange them in sentences and cover it with ink then paper. |
| who were the printing presses sold to? | churches (monks were the only ones who could read) |
| Luther's first "nationalism" | a bible in a language the masses could understand |
| printing caused what major event? | the renaissance |
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