A&P II - Human Lymphatic/Immune System
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| what is the main function of the lymphatic system | to return interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins to the blood
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| what is lymph | lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels
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| what area of the body drains into the right lymphatic duct | the right side of the head, neck, RUE, and upper right side of the trunk
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| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph | right subclavian vein
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| what lymph vessels drain into the thoracic duct | everything that does not empty into the right lymphatic duct (left side of upper body , lower trunk, and BLE)
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| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | left subclavian vein
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| lymphatic system is a (one-way/two-way) system with valves | the lymphatic system is a ONE-WAY system
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| (lymphatic/blood) capillaries have endothelial minivalves | lymphatic capillaries
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| why are mini-valves special? | they function as one-way gates that allow interstitial fluid to enter but not escape
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| during inflammation, what three things does lymph pick up along with interstitial fluid | cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells
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| what do lymph nodes do wth cell debris, pathogens, anc cancer cells that are in the lymph | lymph nodes "examine" and cleanse the debris
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| where are lacteals located | the digestive tract
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| what are lacteals? | lacteals are specialized lymph capillaries in the digestive tract that absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood
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| lymph vessels (do/do not) have valves | lymph vessels DO have valves
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| between lymph vessels and blood vessels, which ones anastomose more frequently | lymph vessels anastomose more frequently
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| more superficial lymph vessels follow (veins/arteries) | more superficial lymph vessels follow VEINS
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| what circulatory structure do deep lymph vessels tend to follow | deep lymph vessels tend to follow arteries
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| what is the term for the largest collecting lymphatic trunks | lymphatic ducts
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| there are two lymphatic ducts, name them | thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
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| the right lymphatic duct drains what parts of the body | right upper limb, right side of the head, neck, thorax, and upper abdomen
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| what duct drains a majority of the body | thoracic duct drains most of the body
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| the lymphatic system (has/lacks) a pumping organ | the lymphatic system LACKS a pumping organ
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| in the lymphatic system, vessels are (high/low)-pressure | in the lymphatic system, vessels are LOW-pressure
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| how does lymph return blood to the heart | pulsations from nearby arteries , and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels
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| what is the main white blood cell active in immune response | lymphocytes are the main white blood cells in lymphatic system
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| there are two types of lymphocytes, name them | T lymphocytes (T-Cells) and B Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
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| the T cells and B cells protect the body against ____________________ | T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens
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| what is an antigen | an antigen is anything the body perceives as foreign
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| Bacteria, toxins, and Viruses (are/are not) considered to be antigens | Bacterial, toxins, and viruses ARE considered to be angtigens
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| Mismatched RBC's and Cancer cells (are/are not) considered to be angtigens | Mismatched RBC's and Cancer Cells ARE considered tobe antigens
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| (B/T) Cells manage the immune response | T Cells manage the immune response
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| what cells attack and destroy foreign cells | T cells attack and destroy foreign cells
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| which cells produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies | the B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
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| _________________________ are secreted from the B Cells immobilize antigens | antibodies are secreted for the B cells and immobilize antigens
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| what are the principle lymphoid organs of the body | lymph nodes are the principle lymphoid organs of the body
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| where are lymph nodes located | they are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels
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| what are the three locations of the body where aggregations of the lymph nodes occur | the inguinal, axillary, and cervical
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| what are the two main functions of the lymph nodes | filtration and immune system activation
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| how do lymph nodes filter lymph | macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris
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| how does the lymph node activate the immune system | they monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them
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| what is the name of the fibrous inward extensions of the lymph nodes into compartments | trabeculae
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| what are the two histologically distinct regions of a lymph node | the cortex and the medulla
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| what is the largest lymphoid organ that is located right next to the stomach | spleen is the largest lymphoid organ
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| what is the name of blood vessels (artery and vein) that serve the spleen | the splenic artery and the splenic vein serve the spleen
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| where do the splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen | the enter and exit at the hilus
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| what are the three main functions of the spleen | 1) site of lymphocyte proliferation, 2) immune surveillance & response, 3) cleans the blood
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| where are broken down components of RBC's stored for later use | spleen stores broken down components of RBC's
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| what cells in the spleen salvage and store iron | splenic macrophages store iron for later use
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| what is the site of erythrocyte production in a fetus | the spleen is the site of fetal erythrocyte prodution
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| where are platelets stored | platelets are stored in the spleen
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| what organ secretes thymosin and thymopoietin | thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin
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| what two hormones cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent | thymosin and thymopoietin help T lymphocytes become more immunocompetent
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| when is does the thymus increase in size and become most active | during childhood, the thymus increases in size and becomes most active
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| what organ stops growing during adolescence then gradually atrophies in adulthood | the thymus stops growing during adolescence then atrophies during adulthood
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| what lymphoid organ functions strictly in T cell maturation | thymus strictly functions in T cell maturation
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| what is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens | the thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens
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| what are the simplest lymphoid organs | the tonsils are the simplest lymphoid organs
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| where are the palatine tonsils located | either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
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| where are the lingual tonsils located | lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
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| where is the pharyngeal tonsil located | the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
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| where are the tubal tonsils located | tubal tonsils surround the openings of hte auditory tubes into the pharynx
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| what histological lymphoid structures are included on the tonsils | follicles and germinal centers
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| the masses of tonsils (are/are not) fully encapsulated | the masses of tonsils ARE NOT fully encapsulated
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| what lymphoid organ contains blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue that invaginates | tonsils have blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue
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| what is the purpose of the blind-ended crypts on tonsils | the crypts of tonsils trap and destroy bacteria and other particulate matter
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| what are peyer's patches | peyer's patches are isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue in the digestive tract
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| what main structures of lymphatic tissue are found in the distal portion of the small intestine and appendix | peyer's patches
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| what is the purpose of lymphoid tissue, in the digestive tract | destroy bacteria and generated "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity
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| what is MALT | mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
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| what are some examples of MALT | peyer's patchs, tonsils, and appendix, lymphoid nodules in respiratory tract
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| what is the purpose of MALT | protect the G.I. and respiratory systems from foreign matter
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| viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called ________________________ | pathogens
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| which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies | B lymphocytes produce antibodies
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| the largest collection of lymphoid tissue in the body, which consists of red and white pulp and is found attached to the lateral boarder of the stomach | spleen
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| which type cell engulf pathogens and cell debris | phagocytes
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| which cells are involved in immunological surveillance | natural killer cells
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| a child is given a vaccine to polio. what form of immunity does this represent | artificially induced active immunity
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| what type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells ant lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each othere | MHC II
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| what type of T Cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells | cytotoxic T Cells seek out and destroy abnormal or infected cells
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| which antibody (Ig_____) is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer | IgM
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| AIDS is an example of _________________ (an immune complex disorder/a hypersensitivity/an immunodeficiency/an autoimmune disorder) | AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency
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| The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that CANNOT distinguish one potential threat from another are called _______________ | innate defenses
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| the three major components of the lymphatic system include the ____________________ | lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
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| lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are ___________________________ | helper T and suppressor T cells
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| normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the ________________ and the ____________________ | lymphopoiesis is located in red bone marrow and the lymphatic tissue
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| mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense | mucous, sweat glands, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to physical barriers
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| what is the "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion | phagocytes
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| Natural Killer cells contain the perforin and protectin that provides a type of immunity called ___________________________ | immunological surveillance
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| what are the two major ways that the body "carries out" the immune response to a specific antigen | direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
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| an adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by _________________ | an antigen
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| a cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which immune response | a cytotoxic reaction
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| before and antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by ___________________ | macrophage must process an antigen prior to stimulating a lymphocyte
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| the T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are _____________________ | suppressor T cells
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| an antibody exhibits a high degree of flexibility as a result of the interchangeability of the ____________________ | variable segment
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| antibodies may promote inflammation through the stimulation of _________________ and _________________. | basophils and mast cells
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| the epitope site is the certain portion of the antigen's exposed surface where ________________________ | the antibody attaches
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| For a B cell to be activated, it must ___________________________. | be bound by a helter T Cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody
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| the ability to demonstrate and immune response after exposure to an antigen is called ___________________ | immunocompetence
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| A baby developing in the womb has _________________________ immunity because it receives _____________________ antibodies from its mother | naturally acquired passive immunity, receives IgG from mother
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| tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the _______________ | fluid enters the lymphatic system via the lymph capillaries
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| when an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with ______________________ | the activation of specific T cells and B cells
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| In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? | stimulation and coordination of inflammation by release of histamine and heparin
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| chemical mediators of inflammation include what 4 things | 1) histamine, 2) heparin, 3) prostaglandins, and 4) complements
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| T cells that are activated by costimulation involving a class i MHC and CD8 makers are called _____________________ | cytotoxic T cells are activated by costimulation involving a class I MHC and CD8
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| what type of cells do B lymphocytes differentiate into? | memory cells and plasma cells
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| ______________ may activate B cells, whereas _______________ inhibit the activity of B cells | Helper T Cells activate B Cells, and suppressor T cells inhibit the B cells
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| the primary response of CD8 T cell differentiation in cell-mediated immunity is the production of ____________________ cells | cytotoxic T cells is the produced as the primary response of CD8 T cells differentiation
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| the vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called | artificially induced active immunity
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| In passive immunity, (T and B cells/antigens/lymphocytes/antibodies) are introduced into the body by injection | antibodies
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| what is the lymphatic function of the white pulp of the spleen | initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells
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| the antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called | immunoglobulins
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| the genes found in a region called the major histocompatibility complex are also called _____________________ | human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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| memory B cells do NOT differentiate into plasma cells UNLESS they are _____________________ | exposed to the same antigen a second time
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| The three-dimensional "fit" between the variable segments of the antibody molecule and the corresponding antigenic determinant site is referred to as_________________ | the antibody-antigen complex
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| one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is ______________ | depression of the inflammatory response
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| what type of nonspecific immunity mobilizes defenses and accelerates repairs | fever
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| what type of nonspecific immunity removes debris and pathogens | phagocytes
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity prevents the approach of and deny access to pathogens | physical barriers
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis | complement system
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity increases resistance of cells to viral infection | interferons
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| what type of nonspecific immunity destroys abnormal cells | immunological surveillance
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| what type of immunity is genetically determined, no prior exposure of antibody production involved | innate immunity
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| what is artificially induced active immunity | develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease
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| what is adaptive immunity | produced by exposure to an antigen not present at birth
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| what type of immunity develops after exposure to antigens in environment | naturally induced active immunity
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| what is innate immunity | genetically determined, no prior exposure or antibody production involved
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| what type of immunity is produced by transfer of antibodies from another person | artificially acquired passive immunity
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| what originates as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes, and do not contain walls with cells not tightly bound together | lymph capillaries do not contain walls with cells
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| what is located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation | the thymus is large in children and diminishes with age and is the sit of T cell maturation
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| what organ contains both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells | the spleen contain red/white pulp and is site of removal for abnormal cells
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| in the lymphatic system, which is the smallest of organs, having a diameter of up to 1-inch and containing afferent and efferent lymphatics | lymph nodes are 1 inch in diameter and have afferent and efferent lymphatics
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| most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal and pharyngeal areas | there are five TONSILS located in the mouth, nasal and pharyngeal areasl
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| what does the term "tolerance" mean in the Immune system | tolerance is the ability of the immune system to ignore normal, self antigens while responding to foreign, nonself antigens
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| what does the term "versatility" mean in the immune system | the ability of the immune system to respond to tens of thousands of antigens by producing an enormous number of lymphocyte populations, each with sensitivity to a unique set of antigens
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| what term describes the ability of the immune system to produce a response to a particular antigen and no other. This is a results of the ability to activate specific lymphocytes | specificity
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| what term best describes the immune system's ability to "remember" specific antigens through the production of memory cells, which are produced after an initial exposure to an antigen | memory
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| which cells realign it's golgi Apparatus to secrete perforins causing lysis of cancerous or virus-infected cells | natural killer cells realign their golgi apparatus and release perforins
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| ____________________ are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infection | interferons are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infections
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| (lymph/blood plasma) contains more proteins than (lymph/blood plasma) | BLOOD PLASMA contains more proteins than LYMPH
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| Ig_________________ is the must abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body | IgG is the most abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body
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| what is a pathogens | a pathogen is any microscoping organism that causes diseases
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| which of the following are considered to be pathogens? (viruses/bacteria/fungi/parasites) | all of the options provided are considered to be pathogens
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| what is the ability to resist infection and disease | immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease
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| name the five components of the lymphatic system | lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue/organs, lymphoid cells
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| what is a fluid that is similar to plasma but lacks protiens | lymph is similar to plasma and has no proteins
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| the ____________________ carries lymph from peripheral tissues to veins | lymphatic vessels carry lymph from peripheral tissues to veins
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| where are lymphocytes produced | lymphocytes are produced in primary lymphoid tissues and organs (the red bone marrow and thymus)
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| where are lymphocytes activated | lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs (tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen)
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| where are primary lymphoid tissues | red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissue
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| what are secondary lymphoid tissue and organs | tonsils, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, and spleen
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| what is the lymphatic function of the primary lymphoid tissue | to produce lymphocytes
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| what part of the body carries interstitial fluid from the peripheral tissues back to the venous system | the lymphatic vessels carry interstitial fluid from peripheral tissues to venous system
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| what is lymph. | lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels
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| name the four ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries | 1) lymph capillaries are closed at one end, 2) lymph capillaries have larger luminal diameters, 3) lymph capillaries have thinner walls, 4) lymph capillaries have flat/irregular outline in sectional view
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| what are lacteals | lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines
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| what is the purpose of lacteals | lacteals transport lipids from the digestive tract
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| lymphatic (vessels/capillaries) join together to form lymphatic trunks | lymphatic vessels form lymphatic trunks
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| how many lymphatic trunks are in the body and what are their names | there are two (2) lymphatic trunks in the body and they are called the thoracic duct and the Right Lymphatic duct
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| where does the thoracic duct start | the thoracic duct starts at the cisterna chyli
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| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein
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| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into | empties into the right subclavian vein
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| when does lymphedema usually occur | lymphedema occurs when there is a blockage of lymph drainage
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| what is lymphhedema | lymphedema is severe swelling caused by a blockage in a lymph vessel
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| how does lymphedema affect the immune system | lymphedema affects the immune system functions
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| most lymphocytes are (stored/circulating) | most lymphocytes are STORED
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| about how many (in percent) are circulating | about 20-40 percent is circulating
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| where are germinal centers located? | germinal centers are located in lymphoid nodules
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| what occurs in Germinal Centers | germinal centers contain dividing lymphocytes
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| where are the 5 tonsils located | pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil, twp palatine tonsils, and two lingual tonsils
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| what would you call inflammation of the tonsils | tonsillitis is the inflammation of the tonsils
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| which tonsils are usually the tonsils that have tonsilitis | usually the palatine tonsils get tonsillitis
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| what does MALT stand for | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
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| where is MALT mostly associated with what other system | MALT is mostly associated with the digestive system
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| where are aggregated lymphoid nodules located | aggregated lymphoid nodules are clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining
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| what are aggregated lymphoid nodules mostly associated with | aggregated lymphoid nodules are part of MALT
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| the MALT organ, _________________ contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules | appendix contains lymphoid nodules
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| where do blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node | nerves and blood vessels reach the lymph node at the hilum
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| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry lymph from TO the lymph node | afferent lymphatics carry blood to the lymph node
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| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry blood AWAY from the lymph node | efferent carry blood away from the lymph node
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| where doe efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node | efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum
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| what is in the lymph node cortex | B cells and germinal centers
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| what is area of the lymph node is dominated by T cells | paracortex is dominated by T cells
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| what are the two major functions of the lymph nodes | 1) purify lymph prior to returning to blood circulation, 2) antigens released due to infection
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| what organ removes 99% of antigens | lymph nodes remove 99 % of antigens
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| the lymph nodes in what areas of the body will swell in response to infection | groin, axillae, and base ov neck
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| what is lymphadenopathy | chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
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| generally speaking, lymphadenopathy is a symptom of what two things | 1) infections, or 2) certain cancers
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| what is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty | the thymus is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty
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| how does the atrophy of the thymus affect the immune system | thymus atrophy can diminish the effectiveness of the immune system
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| what is a hormone that is produced by the thymus | thymosin is produced by the thymus
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| what is the function of thymosin | thymosin promotes the development and maturation of T Cells
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| what are the three functions of the spleen | 1) refomes abnormal blood cells and other abnormal components of blood, 2) stores iron from recycled RBC's, and 3) initiates immune responses of T and B Cells
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| what is a splenectomy | the removal of a severely ruptured spleen
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| what is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances | immunity is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances
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| what is resistance | resistance is the ability to maintain immunity
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| the body's reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances is ____________________________ | immune response is the body's reaction to infectious agents
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| what are the two types of defenses | 1) innate (nonspecific) defenses, and 2) Adaptive (Specific) defenses
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| (innate/adaptive) defenses always works the same way no matter what the pathogen | innate defenses always reacts the same way
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| (innate/adaptive) defenses protects against specific pathogens and always depends on activities of lymphocytes | adaptive defenses works against specific pathogens and depends on specific types of lymphocytes
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| of the two types of defenses which one develops after exposure to environmental hazards | adaptive (specific) develops after exposure to environmental hazards
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| adaptive defenses provide two types of immune responses, what are they | Humoral immunity and cellular immunity are both part of the adaptive immunity
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| what is lymphocyte production called | lymphocytopoiesis is the process of lymphocyte production
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| where does lymphocytopoiesis occur (name the tissues in order of T Cells) | Red Bone marrow, Thymus, and Peripheral lymphoid tissues
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| lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a ________________________ cell in the ____________________________ | lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a HEMATOBLAST in the RED BONE MARROW
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| when a lymphoid stem cells stays in the red bone marrow helps to develop in the lymphoid stem cells develop | stromal cells help lymphoid stem cells develop in the red bone marrow
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| lymphoid stem cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either ____________________ or _______________________ | lymphoid cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either NATURAL KILLER CELLS or B LYMPHOCYTES
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| what helps B Cells differentiate with exposure to __________________ | interleukin-7
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| when a lymphoid stem cell migrates to the thymus , mature in an environment that is in the (presence/absence) of blood | lymphoid stem cells mature in the ABSENCE of blood in the thymus
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| when do T Cells in the Thymus differentiate | T Cells differentiate with exposure to Thymosin Hormones
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| which of the immune defenses cannot distinguish one pathogen from another | innate defenses cannot distinguish from one pathogen to another
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| physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of what type of immune defenses | physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of INNATE DEFENSES
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| Complement are (innate/adaptive) defenses | complements are INNATE defenses
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| inflammation is part of the (innate/adaptive) defenses | inflammation is an INNATE defense
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| fever is an example of what type of immune defense | fever is an example of INNATE defense
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| list some examples of physical barriers that help prevent pathogens from entering the body | skin, hair, epithelium of the GI and urinary tracts, secretions
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| (microphages/macrophages/both) are all phagocytes that are part of the innate defenses | both microphages and macrophages are phagocytic
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| what form of innate defenses engulf pathogens then destroy them with lysosomal enzymes | phagocytes engulf pathogens and destroy them with lysosomal activity
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| ______________________ bind to pathogens so that other cells can destroy it | phagocytes bind to pathogens
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| _________________________ release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid | phagocytes release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluids
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| Immune surveillance is carried out by _____________________________ | natural killer cells participate with immune surveillance
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| once a natural killer is activated, how does it kill a pathogen | 1) adhere to abnormal cells, 2) Golgi Apparatus realigns and produces vesicles containing perforins, 3) release perforins by exocytosis, 4) performins form pores in plasma membrane of abnormal cell causing lysis
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| what chemical is released by natural killers to help lysis abnormal cells | perforins
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| what is tumor specific antigens | tumor specific antigens are located on the cell membranes of cancer cells
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| what is immunological escape | the ability of some cancers cells to avoid detection of natural killer cells
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| how do natural killer cells kill viruses | an infected cell can produce abnormal proteins on the membrane allowing them to be easily identifiable by the NK Cells
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| _____________________ are small proteins that trigger the production of antiviral proteins and block replication in the body cells | interferons are small proteins that trigger production of anti viral protiens
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| interferons are a type of ____________________ | interferons are a type of CYTOKINES
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| what are Cytokines | cytokines are chemical messengers that are released by tissue cells for immune response
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