A&P II - Human Lymphatic/Immune System
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| what is the main function of the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| what is lymph | show 🗑
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| what area of the body drains into the right lymphatic duct | show 🗑
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| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph | show 🗑
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| what lymph vessels drain into the thoracic duct | show 🗑
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| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | show 🗑
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| lymphatic system is a (one-way/two-way) system with valves | show 🗑
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| (lymphatic/blood) capillaries have endothelial minivalves | show 🗑
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| why are mini-valves special? | show 🗑
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| show | cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells
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| show | lymph nodes "examine" and cleanse the debris
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| where are lacteals located | show 🗑
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| what are lacteals? | show 🗑
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| lymph vessels (do/do not) have valves | show 🗑
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| between lymph vessels and blood vessels, which ones anastomose more frequently | show 🗑
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| more superficial lymph vessels follow (veins/arteries) | show 🗑
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| what circulatory structure do deep lymph vessels tend to follow | show 🗑
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| show | lymphatic ducts
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| there are two lymphatic ducts, name them | show 🗑
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| show | right upper limb, right side of the head, neck, thorax, and upper abdomen
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| show | thoracic duct drains most of the body
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| show | the lymphatic system LACKS a pumping organ
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| in the lymphatic system, vessels are (high/low)-pressure | show 🗑
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| how does lymph return blood to the heart | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes are the main white blood cells in lymphatic system
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| there are two types of lymphocytes, name them | show 🗑
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| the T cells and B cells protect the body against ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | an antigen is anything the body perceives as foreign
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| show | Bacterial, toxins, and viruses ARE considered to be angtigens
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| Mismatched RBC's and Cancer cells (are/are not) considered to be angtigens | show 🗑
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| show | T Cells manage the immune response
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| what cells attack and destroy foreign cells | show 🗑
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| show | the B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
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| _________________________ are secreted from the B Cells immobilize antigens | show 🗑
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| what are the principle lymphoid organs of the body | show 🗑
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| show | they are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels
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| show | the inguinal, axillary, and cervical
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| what are the two main functions of the lymph nodes | show 🗑
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| how do lymph nodes filter lymph | show 🗑
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| show | they monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them
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| show | trabeculae
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| show | the cortex and the medulla
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| what is the largest lymphoid organ that is located right next to the stomach | show 🗑
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| what is the name of blood vessels (artery and vein) that serve the spleen | show 🗑
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| show | the enter and exit at the hilus
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| what are the three main functions of the spleen | show 🗑
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| show | spleen stores broken down components of RBC's
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| show | splenic macrophages store iron for later use
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| what is the site of erythrocyte production in a fetus | show 🗑
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| show | platelets are stored in the spleen
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| show | thymus secretes thymosin and thymopoietin
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| what two hormones cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent | show 🗑
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| when is does the thymus increase in size and become most active | show 🗑
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| what organ stops growing during adolescence then gradually atrophies in adulthood | show 🗑
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| what lymphoid organ functions strictly in T cell maturation | show 🗑
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| what is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens | show 🗑
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| what are the simplest lymphoid organs | show 🗑
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| where are the palatine tonsils located | show 🗑
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| show | lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
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| show | the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
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| where are the tubal tonsils located | show 🗑
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| show | follicles and germinal centers
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| show | the masses of tonsils ARE NOT fully encapsulated
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| what lymphoid organ contains blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue that invaginates | show 🗑
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| what is the purpose of the blind-ended crypts on tonsils | show 🗑
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| what are peyer's patches | show 🗑
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| show | peyer's patches
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| show | destroy bacteria and generated "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity
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| show | mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
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| what are some examples of MALT | show 🗑
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| what is the purpose of MALT | show 🗑
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| viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called ________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | B lymphocytes produce antibodies
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| show | spleen
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| which type cell engulf pathogens and cell debris | show 🗑
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| show | natural killer cells
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| a child is given a vaccine to polio. what form of immunity does this represent | show 🗑
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| what type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells ant lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each othere | show 🗑
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| what type of T Cell is responsible for seeking out and destroying abnormal or infected cells | show 🗑
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| which antibody (Ig_____) is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer | show 🗑
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| AIDS is an example of _________________ (an immune complex disorder/a hypersensitivity/an immunodeficiency/an autoimmune disorder) | show 🗑
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| The anatomical barriers and defense mechanisms that CANNOT distinguish one potential threat from another are called _______________ | show 🗑
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| the three major components of the lymphatic system include the ____________________ | show 🗑
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| lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are ___________________________ | show 🗑
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| normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the ________________ and the ____________________ | show 🗑
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| mucous, sweat gland secretions, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to the effectiveness of which type of innate defense | show 🗑
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| show | phagocytes
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| Natural Killer cells contain the perforin and protectin that provides a type of immunity called ___________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | direct attack by T cells and attack by circulating antibodies
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| show | an antigen
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| a cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which immune response | show 🗑
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| before and antigen can stimulate a lymphocyte, it must first be processed by ___________________ | show 🗑
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| the T cells that limit the degree of immune system activation from a single stimulus are _____________________ | show 🗑
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| an antibody exhibits a high degree of flexibility as a result of the interchangeability of the ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | basophils and mast cells
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| show | the antibody attaches
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| show | be bound by a helter T Cell at a class II MHC and bind an antigen to a surface antibody
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| show | immunocompetence
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| show | naturally acquired passive immunity, receives IgG from mother
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| show | fluid enters the lymphatic system via the lymph capillaries
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| show | the activation of specific T cells and B cells
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| In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? | show 🗑
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| show | 1) histamine, 2) heparin, 3) prostaglandins, and 4) complements
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| show | cytotoxic T cells are activated by costimulation involving a class I MHC and CD8
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| show | memory cells and plasma cells
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| ______________ may activate B cells, whereas _______________ inhibit the activity of B cells | show 🗑
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| show | cytotoxic T cells is the produced as the primary response of CD8 T cells differentiation
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| the vaccination of antigenic materials into the body is called | show 🗑
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| In passive immunity, (T and B cells/antigens/lymphocytes/antibodies) are introduced into the body by injection | show 🗑
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| show | initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells
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| show | immunoglobulins
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| show | human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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| show | exposed to the same antigen a second time
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| show | the antibody-antigen complex
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| one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is ______________ | show 🗑
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| show | fever
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| what type of nonspecific immunity removes debris and pathogens | show 🗑
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| show | physical barriers
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity increases resistance of cells to viral infection | show 🗑
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| show | immunological surveillance
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| what type of immunity is genetically determined, no prior exposure of antibody production involved | show 🗑
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| show | develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease
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| show | produced by exposure to an antigen not present at birth
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| show | naturally induced active immunity
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| what is innate immunity | show 🗑
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| what type of immunity is produced by transfer of antibodies from another person | show 🗑
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| what originates as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes, and do not contain walls with cells not tightly bound together | show 🗑
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| what is located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation | show 🗑
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| what organ contains both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells | show 🗑
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| in the lymphatic system, which is the smallest of organs, having a diameter of up to 1-inch and containing afferent and efferent lymphatics | show 🗑
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| most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal and pharyngeal areas | show 🗑
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| what does the term "tolerance" mean in the Immune system | show 🗑
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| what does the term "versatility" mean in the immune system | show 🗑
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| what term describes the ability of the immune system to produce a response to a particular antigen and no other. This is a results of the ability to activate specific lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| what term best describes the immune system's ability to "remember" specific antigens through the production of memory cells, which are produced after an initial exposure to an antigen | show 🗑
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| which cells realign it's golgi Apparatus to secrete perforins causing lysis of cancerous or virus-infected cells | show 🗑
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| show | interferons are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infections
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| (lymph/blood plasma) contains more proteins than (lymph/blood plasma) | show 🗑
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| show | IgG is the most abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body
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| what is a pathogens | show 🗑
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| show | all of the options provided are considered to be pathogens
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| show | immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease
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| name the five components of the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| what is a fluid that is similar to plasma but lacks protiens | show 🗑
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| the ____________________ carries lymph from peripheral tissues to veins | show 🗑
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| where are lymphocytes produced | show 🗑
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| where are lymphocytes activated | show 🗑
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| where are primary lymphoid tissues | show 🗑
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| show | tonsils, Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, and spleen
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| what is the lymphatic function of the primary lymphoid tissue | show 🗑
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| show | the lymphatic vessels carry interstitial fluid from peripheral tissues to venous system
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| what is lymph. | show 🗑
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| show | 1) lymph capillaries are closed at one end, 2) lymph capillaries have larger luminal diameters, 3) lymph capillaries have thinner walls, 4) lymph capillaries have flat/irregular outline in sectional view
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| what are lacteals | show 🗑
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| show | lacteals transport lipids from the digestive tract
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| show | lymphatic vessels form lymphatic trunks
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| how many lymphatic trunks are in the body and what are their names | show 🗑
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| show | the thoracic duct starts at the cisterna chyli
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| show | the thoracic duct empties into the left subclavian vein
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| show | empties into the right subclavian vein
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| when does lymphedema usually occur | show 🗑
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| show | lymphedema is severe swelling caused by a blockage in a lymph vessel
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| show | lymphedema affects the immune system functions
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| show | most lymphocytes are STORED
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| show | about 20-40 percent is circulating
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| show | germinal centers are located in lymphoid nodules
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| what occurs in Germinal Centers | show 🗑
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| where are the 5 tonsils located | show 🗑
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| what would you call inflammation of the tonsils | show 🗑
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| which tonsils are usually the tonsils that have tonsilitis | show 🗑
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| show | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
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| where is MALT mostly associated with what other system | show 🗑
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| where are aggregated lymphoid nodules located | show 🗑
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| what are aggregated lymphoid nodules mostly associated with | show 🗑
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| the MALT organ, _________________ contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules | show 🗑
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| show | nerves and blood vessels reach the lymph node at the hilum
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| show | afferent lymphatics carry blood to the lymph node
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| show | efferent carry blood away from the lymph node
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| show | efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node at the hilum
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| what is in the lymph node cortex | show 🗑
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| show | paracortex is dominated by T cells
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| what are the two major functions of the lymph nodes | show 🗑
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| show | lymph nodes remove 99 % of antigens
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| show | groin, axillae, and base ov neck
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| what is lymphadenopathy | show 🗑
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| show | 1) infections, or 2) certain cancers
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| show | the thymus is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty
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| how does the atrophy of the thymus affect the immune system | show 🗑
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| what is a hormone that is produced by the thymus | show 🗑
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| what is the function of thymosin | show 🗑
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| what are the three functions of the spleen | show 🗑
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| what is a splenectomy | show 🗑
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| what is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances | show 🗑
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| show | resistance is the ability to maintain immunity
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| show | immune response is the body's reaction to infectious agents
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| show | 1) innate (nonspecific) defenses, and 2) Adaptive (Specific) defenses
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| show | innate defenses always reacts the same way
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| (innate/adaptive) defenses protects against specific pathogens and always depends on activities of lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| of the two types of defenses which one develops after exposure to environmental hazards | show 🗑
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| adaptive defenses provide two types of immune responses, what are they | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytopoiesis is the process of lymphocyte production
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| where does lymphocytopoiesis occur (name the tissues in order of T Cells) | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a HEMATOBLAST in the RED BONE MARROW
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| when a lymphoid stem cells stays in the red bone marrow helps to develop in the lymphoid stem cells develop | show 🗑
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| lymphoid stem cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either ____________________ or _______________________ | show 🗑
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| what helps B Cells differentiate with exposure to __________________ | show 🗑
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| show | lymphoid stem cells mature in the ABSENCE of blood in the thymus
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| when do T Cells in the Thymus differentiate | show 🗑
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| show | innate defenses cannot distinguish from one pathogen to another
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| physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of what type of immune defenses | show 🗑
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| show | complements are INNATE defenses
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| show | inflammation is an INNATE defense
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| fever is an example of what type of immune defense | show 🗑
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| list some examples of physical barriers that help prevent pathogens from entering the body | show 🗑
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| show | both microphages and macrophages are phagocytic
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| show | phagocytes engulf pathogens and destroy them with lysosomal activity
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| ______________________ bind to pathogens so that other cells can destroy it | show 🗑
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| _________________________ release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| Immune surveillance is carried out by _____________________________ | show 🗑
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| once a natural killer is activated, how does it kill a pathogen | show 🗑
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| show | perforins
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| show | tumor specific antigens are located on the cell membranes of cancer cells
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| show | the ability of some cancers cells to avoid detection of natural killer cells
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| show | an infected cell can produce abnormal proteins on the membrane allowing them to be easily identifiable by the NK Cells
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| _____________________ are small proteins that trigger the production of antiviral proteins and block replication in the body cells | show 🗑
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| show | interferons are a type of CYTOKINES
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| what are Cytokines | show 🗑
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