A&P II - Human Lymphatic/Immune System
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
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| what is the main function of the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| show | lymph is interstitial fluid that has entered the lymphatic vessels
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| show | the right side of the head, neck, RUE, and upper right side of the trunk
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| show | right subclavian vein
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| show | everything that does not empty into the right lymphatic duct (left side of upper body , lower trunk, and BLE)
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| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | show 🗑
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| show | the lymphatic system is a ONE-WAY system
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| (lymphatic/blood) capillaries have endothelial minivalves | show 🗑
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| why are mini-valves special? | show 🗑
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| during inflammation, what three things does lymph pick up along with interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| show | lymph nodes "examine" and cleanse the debris
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| show | the digestive tract
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| show | lacteals are specialized lymph capillaries in the digestive tract that absorb digested fat and deliver chyle to the blood
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| show | lymph vessels DO have valves
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| show | lymph vessels anastomose more frequently
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| more superficial lymph vessels follow (veins/arteries) | show 🗑
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| show | deep lymph vessels tend to follow arteries
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| show | lymphatic ducts
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| show | thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct
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| the right lymphatic duct drains what parts of the body | show 🗑
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| show | thoracic duct drains most of the body
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| the lymphatic system (has/lacks) a pumping organ | show 🗑
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| in the lymphatic system, vessels are (high/low)-pressure | show 🗑
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| show | pulsations from nearby arteries , and contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of lymphatic vessels
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| what is the main white blood cell active in immune response | show 🗑
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| show | T lymphocytes (T-Cells) and B Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
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| the T cells and B cells protect the body against ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | an antigen is anything the body perceives as foreign
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| show | Bacterial, toxins, and viruses ARE considered to be angtigens
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| Mismatched RBC's and Cancer cells (are/are not) considered to be angtigens | show 🗑
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| show | T Cells manage the immune response
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| what cells attack and destroy foreign cells | show 🗑
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| show | the B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
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| show | antibodies are secreted for the B cells and immobilize antigens
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| show | lymph nodes are the principle lymphoid organs of the body
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| show | they are embedded in connective tissue and clustered along lymphatic vessels
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| what are the three locations of the body where aggregations of the lymph nodes occur | show 🗑
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| show | filtration and immune system activation
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| how do lymph nodes filter lymph | show 🗑
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| show | they monitor for antigens and mount an attack against them
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| show | trabeculae
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| show | the cortex and the medulla
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| what is the largest lymphoid organ that is located right next to the stomach | show 🗑
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| show | the splenic artery and the splenic vein serve the spleen
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| where do the splenic artery and vein enter and exit the spleen | show 🗑
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| what are the three main functions of the spleen | show 🗑
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| show | spleen stores broken down components of RBC's
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| what cells in the spleen salvage and store iron | show 🗑
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| what is the site of erythrocyte production in a fetus | show 🗑
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| show | platelets are stored in the spleen
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| what organ secretes thymosin and thymopoietin | show 🗑
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| what two hormones cause T lymphocytes to become immunocompetent | show 🗑
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| when is does the thymus increase in size and become most active | show 🗑
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| what organ stops growing during adolescence then gradually atrophies in adulthood | show 🗑
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| show | thymus strictly functions in T cell maturation
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| show | the thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens
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| what are the simplest lymphoid organs | show 🗑
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| show | either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
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| show | lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
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| show | the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
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| where are the tubal tonsils located | show 🗑
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| show | follicles and germinal centers
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| show | the masses of tonsils ARE NOT fully encapsulated
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| what lymphoid organ contains blind-ended crypts formed by epithelial tissue that invaginates | show 🗑
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| show | the crypts of tonsils trap and destroy bacteria and other particulate matter
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| what are peyer's patches | show 🗑
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| show | peyer's patches
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| show | destroy bacteria and generated "memory" lymphocytes for long term immunity
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| what is MALT | show 🗑
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| show | peyer's patchs, tonsils, and appendix, lymphoid nodules in respiratory tract
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| show | protect the G.I. and respiratory systems from foreign matter
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| viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites that are capable of living inside the body and causing harm are called ________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | B lymphocytes produce antibodies
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| show | spleen
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| which type cell engulf pathogens and cell debris | show 🗑
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| which cells are involved in immunological surveillance | show 🗑
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| show | artificially induced active immunity
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| what type of cell surface protein is found only on antigen-presenting cells ant lymphocytes and allows them to communicate with each othere | show 🗑
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| show | cytotoxic T Cells seek out and destroy abnormal or infected cells
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| which antibody (Ig_____) is the first class of antibody to be secreted in response to an antigen and is a pentamer | show 🗑
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| show | AIDS is an example of an immunodeficiency
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| show | innate defenses
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| show | lymphatic vessels, lymph, and lymphatic organs
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| lymphocytes that assist in the regulation and coordination of the immune response are ___________________________ | show 🗑
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| normal lymphocyte populations are maintained through lymphopoiesis in the ________________ and the ____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | mucous, sweat glands, hairs, and sebaceous secretions all contribute to physical barriers
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| what is the "first line" of cellular defense against pathogenic invasion | show 🗑
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| Natural Killer cells contain the perforin and protectin that provides a type of immunity called ___________________________ | show 🗑
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| what are the two major ways that the body "carries out" the immune response to a specific antigen | show 🗑
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| an adaptive defense mechanism is always activated by _________________ | show 🗑
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| a cross-reaction following transfusion with an incompatible blood type is an example of which immune response | show 🗑
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| show | macrophage must process an antigen prior to stimulating a lymphocyte
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| show | suppressor T cells
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| show | variable segment
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| show | basophils and mast cells
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| the epitope site is the certain portion of the antigen's exposed surface where ________________________ | show 🗑
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| For a B cell to be activated, it must ___________________________. | show 🗑
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| the ability to demonstrate and immune response after exposure to an antigen is called ___________________ | show 🗑
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| show | naturally acquired passive immunity, receives IgG from mother
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| tissue fluid enters the lymphatic system via the _______________ | show 🗑
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| when an antigen appears, the adaptive immune system response begins with ______________________ | show 🗑
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| In what way do mast cells participate in tissue defense? | show 🗑
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| chemical mediators of inflammation include what 4 things | show 🗑
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| T cells that are activated by costimulation involving a class i MHC and CD8 makers are called _____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | memory cells and plasma cells
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| ______________ may activate B cells, whereas _______________ inhibit the activity of B cells | show 🗑
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| show | cytotoxic T cells is the produced as the primary response of CD8 T cells differentiation
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| show | artificially induced active immunity
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| show | antibodies
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| show | initiation of immune response by B cells and T cells
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| the antibodies produced and secreted by B lymphocytes are soluble proteins called | show 🗑
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| show | human leukocyte antigens (HLAs)
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| memory B cells do NOT differentiate into plasma cells UNLESS they are _____________________ | show 🗑
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| show | the antibody-antigen complex
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| one of the primary nonspecific effects that glucocorticoids have on the immune response is ______________ | show 🗑
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| what type of nonspecific immunity mobilizes defenses and accelerates repairs | show 🗑
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| what type of nonspecific immunity removes debris and pathogens | show 🗑
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| show | physical barriers
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| what type of the nonspecific immunity attacks and breaks down target cell membranes, promoting phagocytosis | show 🗑
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| show | interferons
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| show | immunological surveillance
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| what type of immunity is genetically determined, no prior exposure of antibody production involved | show 🗑
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| what is artificially induced active immunity | show 🗑
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| what is adaptive immunity | show 🗑
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| what type of immunity develops after exposure to antigens in environment | show 🗑
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| what is innate immunity | show 🗑
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| what type of immunity is produced by transfer of antibodies from another person | show 🗑
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| what originates as blind pockets, may contain lymphocytes, and do not contain walls with cells not tightly bound together | show 🗑
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| what is located in the mediastinum, this organ is largest in children but diminishes with age, and it is the site of T cell maturation | show 🗑
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| what organ contains both red and white pulp, this is a site for the removal of abnormal blood cells and is used to initiate responses by B and T cells | show 🗑
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| in the lymphatic system, which is the smallest of organs, having a diameter of up to 1-inch and containing afferent and efferent lymphatics | show 🗑
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| most people have five of these structures, which are located in the oral, nasal and pharyngeal areas | show 🗑
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| what does the term "tolerance" mean in the Immune system | show 🗑
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| what does the term "versatility" mean in the immune system | show 🗑
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| show | specificity
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| show | memory
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| which cells realign it's golgi Apparatus to secrete perforins causing lysis of cancerous or virus-infected cells | show 🗑
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| ____________________ are important in the resistance of tissues to viral infection | show 🗑
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| (lymph/blood plasma) contains more proteins than (lymph/blood plasma) | show 🗑
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| show | IgG is the most abundant and diverse class of antibodies in the body
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| show | a pathogen is any microscoping organism that causes diseases
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| show | all of the options provided are considered to be pathogens
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| show | immunity is the ability to resist infection and disease
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| name the five components of the lymphatic system | show 🗑
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| what is a fluid that is similar to plasma but lacks protiens | show 🗑
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| the ____________________ carries lymph from peripheral tissues to veins | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytes are produced in primary lymphoid tissues and organs (the red bone marrow and thymus)
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| show | lymphocytes are activated in secondary lymphoid tissues and organs (tonsils, MALT, lymph nodes, spleen)
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| show | red bone marrow and thymus are primary lymphoid tissue
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| what are secondary lymphoid tissue and organs | show 🗑
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| show | to produce lymphocytes
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| show | the lymphatic vessels carry interstitial fluid from peripheral tissues to venous system
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| what is lymph. | show 🗑
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| name the four ways lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries | show 🗑
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| show | lacteals are specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestines
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| what is the purpose of lacteals | show 🗑
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| lymphatic (vessels/capillaries) join together to form lymphatic trunks | show 🗑
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| show | there are two (2) lymphatic trunks in the body and they are called the thoracic duct and the Right Lymphatic duct
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| where does the thoracic duct start | show 🗑
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| where does the thoracic duct empty lymph into | show 🗑
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| where does the right lymphatic duct empty lymph into | show 🗑
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| show | lymphedema occurs when there is a blockage of lymph drainage
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| what is lymphhedema | show 🗑
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| how does lymphedema affect the immune system | show 🗑
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| most lymphocytes are (stored/circulating) | show 🗑
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| show | about 20-40 percent is circulating
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| show | germinal centers are located in lymphoid nodules
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| what occurs in Germinal Centers | show 🗑
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| show | pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil, twp palatine tonsils, and two lingual tonsils
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| what would you call inflammation of the tonsils | show 🗑
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| show | usually the palatine tonsils get tonsillitis
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| show | Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue
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| where is MALT mostly associated with what other system | show 🗑
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| show | aggregated lymphoid nodules are clustered deep to intestinal epithelial lining
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| show | aggregated lymphoid nodules are part of MALT
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| the MALT organ, _________________ contains a mass of fused lymphoid nodules | show 🗑
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| show | nerves and blood vessels reach the lymph node at the hilum
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| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry lymph from TO the lymph node | show 🗑
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| (afferent/efferent) lymphatics carry blood AWAY from the lymph node | show 🗑
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| where doe efferent lymphatics leave the lymph node | show 🗑
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| show | B cells and germinal centers
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| show | paracortex is dominated by T cells
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| show | 1) purify lymph prior to returning to blood circulation, 2) antigens released due to infection
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| what organ removes 99% of antigens | show 🗑
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| the lymph nodes in what areas of the body will swell in response to infection | show 🗑
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| show | chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes
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| show | 1) infections, or 2) certain cancers
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| show | the thymus is located in the mediastinum and atrophies after puberty
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| how does the atrophy of the thymus affect the immune system | show 🗑
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| what is a hormone that is produced by the thymus | show 🗑
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| what is the function of thymosin | show 🗑
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| what are the three functions of the spleen | show 🗑
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| show | the removal of a severely ruptured spleen
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| show | immunity is the ability to resist and defend against infections organisms and other damaging substances
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| show | resistance is the ability to maintain immunity
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| the body's reaction to infectious agents and other abnormal substances is ____________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | 1) innate (nonspecific) defenses, and 2) Adaptive (Specific) defenses
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| show | innate defenses always reacts the same way
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| (innate/adaptive) defenses protects against specific pathogens and always depends on activities of lymphocytes | show 🗑
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| show | adaptive (specific) develops after exposure to environmental hazards
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| adaptive defenses provide two types of immune responses, what are they | show 🗑
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| what is lymphocyte production called | show 🗑
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| where does lymphocytopoiesis occur (name the tissues in order of T Cells) | show 🗑
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| show | lymphocytopoiesis starts with the division of a HEMATOBLAST in the RED BONE MARROW
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| when a lymphoid stem cells stays in the red bone marrow helps to develop in the lymphoid stem cells develop | show 🗑
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| show | lymphoid cells that stay in the red bone marrow produce either NATURAL KILLER CELLS or B LYMPHOCYTES
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| what helps B Cells differentiate with exposure to __________________ | show 🗑
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| show | lymphoid stem cells mature in the ABSENCE of blood in the thymus
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| show | T Cells differentiate with exposure to Thymosin Hormones
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| show | innate defenses cannot distinguish from one pathogen to another
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| show | physical barriers, phagocytes, immune surveillance and interferons are all examples of INNATE DEFENSES
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| Complement are (innate/adaptive) defenses | show 🗑
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| inflammation is part of the (innate/adaptive) defenses | show 🗑
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| fever is an example of what type of immune defense | show 🗑
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| show | skin, hair, epithelium of the GI and urinary tracts, secretions
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| (microphages/macrophages/both) are all phagocytes that are part of the innate defenses | show 🗑
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| show | phagocytes engulf pathogens and destroy them with lysosomal activity
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| ______________________ bind to pathogens so that other cells can destroy it | show 🗑
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| _________________________ release toxic chemicals into interstitial fluid | show 🗑
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| Immune surveillance is carried out by _____________________________ | show 🗑
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| show | 1) adhere to abnormal cells, 2) Golgi Apparatus realigns and produces vesicles containing perforins, 3) release perforins by exocytosis, 4) performins form pores in plasma membrane of abnormal cell causing lysis
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| show | perforins
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| show | tumor specific antigens are located on the cell membranes of cancer cells
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| show | the ability of some cancers cells to avoid detection of natural killer cells
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| how do natural killer cells kill viruses | show 🗑
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| show | interferons are small proteins that trigger production of anti viral protiens
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| interferons are a type of ____________________ | show 🗑
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| what are Cytokines | show 🗑
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