Legislative Branch
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| 16th Amendment | gave Congress the power to collect income taxes
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| 17th Amendment | established the direct election of senators by the people
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| Speaker of the House | Presiding officer in the House of Representatives; always a member of the majority party; most powerful member of the House
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| President Pro Tempore | Temporary presiding officer of the Senate when the Vice President is not there; usually the member of the majority party with the longest continuous term in the Senate; mostly a ceremonial position
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| Majority Leader | Chief spokesperson of the majority party in the Senate/House; directs the legislative program & party strategy
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| Minority Leader | Party leader for the minority party in the Senate & House; same responsibilities as the majority leader, except for his/her party
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| Whip | Aids the majority or minority leader of the Senate or House; passes information down from the leadership to party members; ensures that party members show up when necessary and vote when necessary
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| Lobbyists | Organization or individual who attempts to influence legislation & the decisions of the government; can teater on the line between legal & illegal; the group with the most money often sees things go their way
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| Interest Group | Organized group who shares common objectives/interests who attempt to influence policy makers; hire lobbyists to work on their behalf
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| Impeachment | An action by the House of Representatives to accuse a high ranking government official (president, VP, etc) of committing a crime; once this happens, the official is tried by the Senate to determine if he/she will be removed from office
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| Standing Committee | Permanent committee in the Senate or House that considers bills within a certain subject area; most important committees in Congress
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| Select Committee | Temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period & for a special purpose; current committees are for Climate, Modernization of Congress, Ethics, & Intelligence
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| Conference Committee | Special joint committee appointed to settle differences when bills pass the 2 chambers of Congress in different forms; no bill can be sent to the President to be signed into law unless it has passed through both chambers of Congress in identical form
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| Joint Committee | Legislative committee composed of members from both chambers of Congress; current committees - Economic, Printing, Taxation & Library
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| Filibuster | A delay tactic used by the senate where a Senator uses unlimited debate to block a bill;c an be ended IF 16 senators sign a petition requesting it be stopped AND if, after 2 days, ⅗ of the Senate vote for cloture
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| Cloture | Shuts off discussion of a bill
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| Appropriation | Congress’ passing of a spending bill specifying the amount of money that will be given to an agency’s use
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| Oversight | The process by which Congress follows up on laws it has enacted to ensure that they are being enforced and administered in the was Congress intended
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| Necessary & Proper Clause/Elastic Clause | Article I Section 8 Clause 18; gives Congress the power to do whatever is necessary to execute its delegated powers
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| Ratification | to formally approve
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| Reapportionment | The allocation of seats in the House to each state after each census; if the census numbers change, the number of representatives a state has may change
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| Gerrymandering | The drawing of legislative districts to obtain an advantage over the other political party
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| Rider | C added to a bill which is being considered for approval by the legislative branch that has nothing to do with the subject matter of the bill; usually created as a way to pass something controversial that would not be able to pass as its own bill
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| Quorum | Minimum number of voting members that must be in attendance at a meeting for that meeting to be held
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| Veto | to reject a decision or proposal
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| Pocket Veto | A special veto exercised by the president after a legislative body has ended; if Congress wants to reconsider the bill, it must be reintroduced in the next Congressional session
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| Pork | Special projects or money that are intended to benefit a member’s district or state
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