chapter 21 immunity
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| show | Non-specific
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| show | The external body membranes. ie skin and mucosae.
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| What is the second line of defense in the innate system? | show 🗑
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| What is the hallmark of the second line of defense? | show 🗑
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| show | Specific
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| show | Adaptive system(specific)
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| Which takes longer to mount a response, the innate or adaptive defense system? | show 🗑
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| What is the ph level of skin secretions? | show 🗑
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| What are some internal defenses? | show 🗑
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| show | B cells
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| What cells are used in cellular immunity? | show 🗑
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| Which two types of immunity are used in adaptive defense? | show 🗑
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| What are the chief phagocytes? | show 🗑
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| show | Monocytes
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| What are the two types of macrophages | show 🗑
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| show | Adherence
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| What is opsonization | show 🗑
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| show | Hydrogen peroxide and bleach
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| What chemical do neutrophils release? | show 🗑
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| What do defensins use to destroy a pathogen? | show 🗑
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| What happens to neutrophils in the process of fighting pathogens? | show 🗑
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| Which cells are unique in that they can kill cancer or virus cells before the adaptive system has activated? | show 🗑
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| Are NK cells phagocytic? | show 🗑
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| show | when body tissues are injured: a blow, intense heat, chemicals, or infection by viruses, fungi, bacteria.
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| show | redness, heat, swelling and pain. If in a joint then impairment of movement is considered a fifth sign.
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| What are some beneficial effects of inflammation? | show 🗑
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| What are Toll like receptors? | show 🗑
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| show | Mast cells and basophils.
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| show | Injured tissue cells, phagocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, and blood proteins.
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| show | Histamine, cytokines, kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes,as well as complement.
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| show | Increased blood flow. sometimes causes redness and heat in inflamed region.
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| What is exudate? | show 🗑
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| What does exudate cause? | show 🗑
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| show | Leukocytosis, margination, diapedesis, and chemotaxis.
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| show | inflamed endothelial cells sprout CAMs that signal this is the place. neutrophils then bind and cling to the inner walls of the capillaries and postcapillary venules.
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| show | lyses microorganisms, enhances phagocytosis by opsonization, and intensifies inflammatory and immune response.
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| How do NK cells respond? | show 🗑
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| What initiates a fever? | show 🗑
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| show | Monocytes
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| What happens to monocytes when they leave the blood and enter tissues? | show 🗑
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| Which cells predominate at the site of a long term chronic infection or inflammation? | show 🗑
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| show | No, they invade other once healthy cells and allow them to do the work.
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| show | Interferons
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| show | They interfere with the viral process. They help protect healthy cells that have yet to be infected. They are like the block watch.
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| Are interferons INF's specific? | show 🗑
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| What is sometimes used to treat genital warts and hepatitis C? | show 🗑
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| show | IFN-b
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| show | A group of at least 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state.
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| What is the major mechanism for destroying foreign substances in the body? | show 🗑
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| show | they inactivate it to protect themselves.
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| show | No, but it enhances the effectiveness of both innate and adaptive defenses.
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| What are the two pathways by which complement can be activated? | show 🗑
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| show | a group of complement proteins are inserted into the cells membrane. MAC creates a hole in the membrane that ensure lysis of the cell.
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| Once MAC creates a hole in the membrane what happens that causes lysis? | show 🗑
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| Does MAC use opsonization? | show 🗑
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| show | iron and zinc.
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| show | Bacteria require large amounts of iron and zinc to multiply. By limiting these the body fights the bacteria.
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| What are 3 properties of the adaptive immune response? | show 🗑
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| Is the adaptive response responsible for most complement activation? | show 🗑
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| What is a major difference between the adaptive system and the innate system? | show 🗑
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| show | antibodies present in the fluids(blood, lymph, etc.) They are produced by lymphocytes but circulate freely in the fluids where they bind to bacteria, toxins, and free viruses. They mark them for destruction by complement or phagocytes.
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| What provides cellular immunity? | show 🗑
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| How do lymphyocytes kill cells in cellular mediated immunity? | show 🗑
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| Define Antigen | show 🗑
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| What are the two types of antigens? | show 🗑
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| show | Immunogenicity, the ability to stimulate specific antibodies or lymphocytes. Also Reactivity, the ability to react with lymphocytes and antibodies released.
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| show | Almost all foreign proteins, many polysaccharides, and some lipids and nucleic acids. of these proteins are the strongest antigen.
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| show | is an incomplete antigen. a small molecule that must be attached to protein carriers to have immunogenicity. If not attached it is only reactive.
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| show | certain parts of an entire antigen that are immunogenic
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| Can a single antigen mobilize many lymphocyte populations? | show 🗑
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| Name some molecules that are innert ie have no immunogenicity. | show 🗑
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| Define MHC proteins | show 🗑
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| show | found on virtually all body cells
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| Where is a class 2 MHC found? | show 🗑
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| show | Cd 8 cells
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| show | CD 4 cells aka the Helper T cells
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| show | B lymphocytes or B cells, T lymphocytes, or T cells, and antigen presenting cells aka APC's.
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| show | Humoral immunity
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| show | the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive immunity system.
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| What do APC's respond to? | show 🗑
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| show | each lymphocyte must learn to recognize its one specific antigen by binding to it.
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| What is self-tolerance? | show 🗑
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| show | In the thymus
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| show | In the bone marrow.
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| What are primary lymphoid organs? | show 🗑
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| What are all other lympoid organs called? | show 🗑
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| show | Naive. These naive cells are sent to the secondary organs to where encounters with antigens can occur. After they bind with antigens they begin to differentiate into effector and memory B or T cells
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| What happens to cells that show negative selection? | show 🗑
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| show | immunologic self tolerance which makes sure the cells don't attack the body's own cells.
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| show | Only about 2% survive.
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| Define anergy. | show 🗑
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| What is somatic recombination? | show 🗑
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| show | To engulf antigens and then present fragments of them like signal flags on their own surface so that T cells can recognize them.
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| What are the major cell types that act as APC's? | show 🗑
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| show | B plasma cells or memory cells
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| What is the lag time for the primary response in adaptive immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | If there is a second exposure. This is much faster than primary response. The system is on alert and has memory of the past exposure. Response takes place within hours. levels are higher and plasma cells can live longer to fight the invaders.
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| what is active humoral immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | naturally aquired when you get a bacterial or viral infection, and artificially when you receive vaccines.
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| show | The pathogen is living but extremely weakened.
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| show | the antibody source is different and the degree of protection it provides is different.
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| Give an example of passive immunity? | show 🗑
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| show | For several months
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| What are immunoglobulins (Igs) | show 🗑
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| show | Five groups covers them all.
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| What bonds link all antibody polypeptide chains? | show 🗑
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| show | Four. Two heavy two light.
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| What are the five Ig classes? | show 🗑
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| show | IgM is the largest with a five Y shaped units. looks like a snowflake
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| Which Ig class can be a dimer or monomer? | show 🗑
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| Which three Ig classes are only monomers? | show 🗑
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| show | IgM
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| show | IgA, it plays a major role in preventing pathogens from entering the body
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| show | IgD
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| show | IgG
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| show | IgG
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| show | IgM and IgG are the only two that can fix complement.
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| Which Ig class is the troublmaker behind allergies and is found only in small quantities in blood? | show 🗑
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| During secondary response which Ig class is used most? | show 🗑
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| Can antibodies themselves destroy antigens? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement fixation and activation.
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| show | descendants of a single cell they are pure antibody preparations specific for a single antigenic determinant.
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| How are monoclonal antibodies made? | show 🗑
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| What are hybridomas? | show 🗑
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| show | Helper T cells
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| show | Cytotoxic T cells
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| show | To destroy any cells in the bodythat harbor anything foreign
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| When is the only time antibodies invade solid tissue? | show 🗑
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| show | No. They can't see them. They only notice them when processed fragments are presented by APC's and others
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| What is an endogenous antigen | show 🗑
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| Class 1 MHC proteins are displayed by what cells? | show 🗑
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| show | Cytotoxic T cells
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| Where are class 2 MHC's found? | show 🗑
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| show | Exogenous antigens. These come from antigens outside the cell that have been engulfed and broken down by phagolysosomes.
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| show | a lack of reaction by the body's defense mechanisms to foreign substances, and consists of a direct induction of peripheral lymphocyte tolerance. Occurs when T cells bind without getting the co stimulatory signal.
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| What are cytokines? | show 🗑
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| Interferons and interleukins are what? | show 🗑
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| show | In both cellular and humoral adaptive immunity processes and systems
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| Which cell is the director that leads the adaptive immune response? | show 🗑
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| Which T cell is the only one that can directly attack and kill other cells? | show 🗑
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| show | In two ways. By perforins and granzymes, or by binding to a Fas receptor.
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| How to Fas receptors kill cells? | show 🗑
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| show | It pokes a hole in it and then sodium rushes in pulling in water with it. This causes the cell to lyse
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| What T cell dampens the immunity response? | show 🗑
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| What cell is important in preventing autoimmune diseases? | show 🗑
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| show | tissue grafts transplanted from one body site to another in the same person
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| show | a graft donated to a patient by a genetically identical person. for example identical twins.
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| What is an Allograft? | show 🗑
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| What is an Xenograft? | show 🗑
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| Which graft type is most commonly used? | show 🗑
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| What is the rate of transplant rejection after ten years, even under the best circumstances? | show 🗑
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| show | 5% of american adults, with women being two thirds of that percent.
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| show | Thoracic duct
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| show | Spleen
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| show | Protein-containing fluid transported by lymphatic vessels
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| What are lymph nodes? | show 🗑
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| Name of the lymphoid organs located in the small intestine; also called aggregated lymphoid nodules | show 🗑
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| What is the ring of lymphoid tissue that appear as swellings in the mucosa of the oral cavity | show 🗑
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| What is a bubo? | show 🗑
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| Typically large clusters of lymph nodes occur in the following location except where | show 🗑
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| What kind of cells would predominate in chronic infections? | show 🗑
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| Are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosis of Juvenile diabetes? | show 🗑
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| show | intracellular
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| show | The antigenic determinant
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| What is a 3-d molecule on the surface of a pathogen? | show 🗑
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| What is a protein molecule produced by the immune system that binds antigens? | show 🗑
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| Which form of immunity is directed at extracellular pathogens? | show 🗑
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| Which form of immunity can by transferred by body fluids? | show 🗑
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| In which form of immunity are T cells key players? | show 🗑
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| Which form of immunity involves anitbodies? | show 🗑
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| show | Humoral Immunity
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| show | monocytes
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| What cells carry out immune survveillence and look for the lack of normal proteins on our own cells? | show 🗑
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| What cell phagocytizes pathogens and usually gives its life in the process? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophils, Macrophages
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| show | Neutrophils
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| Which cells transform into macrophages upon entering the tissues? | show 🗑
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| Which cells release chemicals to call neutrophils to damaged or infected tissues? | show 🗑
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| Are neutrophils usually found in healthy tissues? | show 🗑
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| What is one means of marking cells for phagocytosis? | show 🗑
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| Can complement kill some bacteria on its own? | show 🗑
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| show | Cytokines
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| show | Yes
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| show | Yes
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| Do interferons modulate inflammation? | show 🗑
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| What is a major job of interferons? | show 🗑
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| show | yes
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| show | C3B
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| Name the inflammatory mediators | show 🗑
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| Surface markers on activated endothelial cells to which neutrophils and monocytes bind? | show 🗑
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| show | Diapedesis
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| The process by which neutrophils follow the trail of inflammatory mediators up the concentration gradient? | show 🗑
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| Are T cell receptors Y shaped? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes
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| show | No, they too are identical
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| show | 100 million
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| show | By somatic recombination. Like shuffling a deck of cards.
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| show | In the bone marrow and in the thymus
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| show | only 1 in 20 lives to reach maturity.
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| What is the first test of a lymphocyte called? | show 🗑
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| show | Is MHC recognized
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| What is the second test of a lymphocytes called? | show 🗑
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| What is negative selection? | show 🗑
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| What happens if the T cell recognizes MHC? | show 🗑
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| What happens if the T cell recognizes self antigens in the negative selection process? | show 🗑
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| show | A mature lymphocyte that has not met its antigen
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| show | The stem
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| What part of the antibody is a polypeptide building block? | show 🗑
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| show | The arm
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| show | The stem
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| show | Disulfide bonds, that is sulfur to sulfur
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| show | The stem
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| show | IgD
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| First antibodies secreted in response to a new antigen? | show 🗑
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| show | IgE
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| show | IgG
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| show | In secretions
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| show | IgG
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| show | IgM
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| Which antibody protects us from being infected a second time by the same pathogen? | show 🗑
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| What releases interleukin 1? | show 🗑
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| What interleukin promotes, acts as a pyrogen, and stimulates helper T cells to release interleukin 2? | show 🗑
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| show | Interleukin 2
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| show | interferons which are actually released by the infected cells
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| What cell releases interleukin 2? | show 🗑
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| Which T cell binds to class 1 MHC? | show 🗑
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| show | CD4
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| Which T cell binds to class 2 MHC proteins? | show 🗑
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| show | CD4
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| When activated does CD8 or CD4 have the possibility of becoming a cytotoxic T cell? | show 🗑
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| show | Class 2
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| show | Class 2
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| These MHC proteins are found only on antigen presenting cells? | show 🗑
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| This class of MHC is found on all nucleated cells? | show 🗑
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