Praxis II test 0014 science - physical science
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| physical science components | structures and properties of objects, materials and matters; motion and force; light, heat, electricity, magnetism; energy (transfer, consumption, production)
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| atom | something so small it can no longer be divided. it is the basis of chemistry and makes up all matter
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| nucleus | protons and neutrons and seven shells (orbiting electrons); has a positive charge, the center of an atom, contains neutrons and protons
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| neutrons | no charge; located in the nucleus, symbol is 'n'
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| protons | positive charge; located in the nucleus; symbolized by 'p'
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| electrons | negatively charged; located in the shells that orbit an atom's nucleus; symbol is 'e'
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| atomic number | the number of electrons
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| atomic mass | figured based on the total number of protons and neutrons
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| element | matter than cannot be separated into different kinds of matter
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| compound | the chemical bonding of two or more elements
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| SiO2 | sand or glass
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| NaCHO3 | baking soda
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| NaCL | table salt
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| CO | carbon monoxide
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| Gas | has week molecular forces with no shape or color, or volume and can expand infinitely
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| liquid | takes on the shape of the container that holds it and has definite volume with molecular forces weaker than a solid
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| solid | has defined and definite volume with strong molecular forces and holds a shape
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| solid to liquid or liquid to gas | decrease pressure and increase energy
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| condensation | changes gas to liquid
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| sublimation | changes from solid to gas skipping liquid
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| deposition | changes from gas to solid skipping liquid
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| energy | necessary to do work; cannot be created or desproyed; defined by seperating into seven categories which relate to the forms of physical science: heat, sound, light, magnetism, mechanical, electric, chemical, nuclear
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| work (w) | when an object is moved through a distance in response to some force; energy is transferred from one object to another w=fd
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| power | the rate of doing work
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| potential energy | the energy that could do work if released; a ball resting at the top of a steep hill
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| kinetic energy | energy that is doing work or is occurring. ex. a ball rolling down a steep hill
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| Law of conservation of matter | states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. E=mc^2
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| Law of conservation of matter and energy | states the sum of matter and energy in the universe remains the same
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| heat energy and states of matter | the motion of particles within a substance cause heat; all objects are made up of atoms and/or molecules that are in a constant state of motion; the cooler an object is, the slower the motion of particles; the hotter the faster
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| melting | when a solid reaches a point at which its particles move so rapidly that they escape their boundaries and begin moving more freely
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| vaporization/evaporation | when particles in a liquid are headed to such a temperature as to make them uncontainable within liquid boundaries
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| diffusion | the movement of particles from a high concentration to an area of low concentration. in a system, diffusion occurs until the concentrations in all areas is the same. called a state of equilibrium
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| gravity | acceleration of objects toward the center of the earth
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| inertia | the state of an object remaining at rest or in motion
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| friction | the force between any two objects that come into contact with one another. cannot be eliminated
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| matter | can not be created or destroyed can be converted into another form without losing its mass
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| heat | can be produced in many ways, all of which cause an increase in the motion of particles of a substance
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| types of heat movement follow: | conduction, convection, radiation
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| conduction | heat moves from warmer to cooler areas along materials that conduct heat (wire and rod)
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| convection | heat is transferred through collisions of molecules and occurs only in liquids and gases as they circulate
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| radiation | heat is transmitted in the form of infrared radiation and occurs only in gases and empty space
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| sound | controlled by vibrations;speed depends upon space btwn molecules.travels quickest through solids slowest through gas; more rapic vibration=higher pitch; travels through solids liquids and gas; objects produce it by causing a series of compressions&waves
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| wave | a longitudinal movement in which the compressions and rare fractions travel spherically outward from the source
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| wavelength | the distance between two succssive compressions or two successive rare fractions (waves)
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| pitch | how high or low the sound is; rate of vibration
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| amplitude | loudness/volume; caused by force used to create the sound (greater force=louder sound)
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| quality | a distinctive timbre; caused by source of the sound
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| light | travels through anything transparent or translucent. 4 rules: travels in rays (straight lines), denser the object/medium slower travel; travels in transverse ways; an electromagnetic wave created by causing the electrons to move rapidly and emit energy
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| transverse wave | has a series of crests and troughs; like dropping a pebble into still water
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| wavelength | distance between the crest or troughs
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| reflection | caused by light rays bouncing off a surface
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| refraction | caused by the bending of light rays as they passed from one medium to another
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| magnetism | involves magnets which has two poles N and S; rules: similar poles repel, opposites attract
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| electric energy | can be found in different forms; kinds of energy that can produce light, heat, motion and magnetic force. flows through a conductor as current. like charges repel, opposite attract
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| electric current | contains an electrical energy and a conductor
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| conductor | a material that allows electric current to flow through it (ex. copper, gold, aluminum, silver
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| insulators | material that does not allow electric current to flow through it (wood, rubber, plastic)
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| voltage | amount of force of he current
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| amperage | amount of electricity that flows through a conductor
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| resistance | causes electron flow to do the work and decreases flow of amerage in a circuit
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| circuit | the path that an electric current flows. 2 types: series and parallel
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| series | the resistances are connected to one another, one following another. if one resistance is disconnected, the circuit fails to work
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| parallel | each resistance is connected to the main circuit with its own connection. if one is disconnected the others still work
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| static electricity | a result of the accumulation of electric charges
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| mechanical energy | relates to that action or power created by use of machines
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| simple machine | a tool with few or no moving parts that does work. six types: lever, wedge, incline plane, pulley, wheel&axel, screw
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| lever | magnifies force, increases speed or changers directions and is used to lift things. 3 types/classes/levels
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| 1st class lever | fulcrum is in the middle or between the effort and the load (seesaw)
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| 2nd class lever | folcrum is at one end so the load is in between the fulcrum and the effort. ex. stapler, wheelbarror
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| 3rd class lever | fulcrum is at the end and the effort is between the fulcrum and the lad. ex. tweezers, fishing rod
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| wedge | magnifies force, used to push things apart, or secure things together
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| incline plane | magnifies force and distance increases. is used to help move things up and down, and reducdes the force needed
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| pulley | reduces force needed to move an object, but increases the distance. is a wheel and a rope that moves things up and down, and changes the direction of force
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| wheel and axel | increases speed, facilitates motion and movement of objects
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| screw | magnifies force by increasing distance
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| law of simple machines | the force put into the machine (effor force) times the distance the effor moves squals the output force from the machine(resistance( times the distance the resistance moves
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| chemical energy | the result of the materials found on earth interacting with another materials. materials are elements, compounds or mistures.
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| element | a simple form of matter and everything in the universe is made up of some sort of it; 92 found naturally and 21 are manmade(all radioactive)
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| compound | the result of the chemical reaction of two or more elements
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| mixture | when two or more elements combine without a chemical reaction
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| nuclear energy | the nucleus of the atom forms a different kid of element producing increased energy. this change of disintegration of the nucleus represents the half life of the substance
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| radioactivity | a form of nuclear energy that can be used in the field of medicne, creating electricty, or powering generators
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| 2 kinds of nuclear reactions | fission and fusion
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| fission | when the nuclei of atoms are disintegrated(for ex nuclear reactors or atomic bomb)
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| fusion | when two or more nuclei are smashed together with increased froce to form a different kind of nucleus (ex. the sun or a hydrogen bomb)
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