AP Human Geography Chapter 9
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| the process of improving the ________ conditions of people through the diffusion of ____________ and ____________ | material; knowledge; technology
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| what are MDCs also known as | developed countries and core countries
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| what are LDCs also known as | least developed, underdeveloped countries or peripheral countries
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| what are developing countries also known as | newly industrializing, emerging, or semi-peripheral
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| what countries make up BRICs | Brazil, Russia, India, China
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| what do natural resources have a major impact on | the developement of a region
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| women are paid ________ for equal work in MDCs and LDCs | less
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| women work _________ hours than men in almost all countries | more
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| according to the core-periphery model, how many regions can the world be divided into and what are those regions | 4: core, upward transition, downward transition, resource frontiers
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| what are some characteristics of core regions | metropolitan, powerful, technologically advanced, high standard of living, MDCs
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| what would be some core regions in the united states | washington DC, new york, bosnywash
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| cities and urban areas are so close | megalopolis
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| areas of growth and development outside of the core ( gaining jobs and industry) | upward transition regions
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| what region would have a loss of industry and jobs | downward transition regions
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| what would be a downward transition area in the united states | rust belt
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| area with resources to provide to the industrial core | resource frontier
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| in what regions do people have to develop infrastructure to transport the resources | resource frontier
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| what is a modern resource frontier in the united states | alaska
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| what was the resource frontier in the 1880s | california
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| according to Wallerstein's world systems theory what are the 3 regions | core, periphery, and semi-periphery
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| what kind of jobs are a part of the primary sector | raw materials/ extraction
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| what kind of jobs are a part of the secondary sector | manufacturing
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| what kind of jobs are a part of the teritary sector | services- includes: sales, transportation, healthcare, law, restaurants, etc.
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| what kind of jobs do core regions have | tertiary
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| what kind of jobs do periphery regions have | primary
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| what kind of jobs do semi-periphery regions have | secondary
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| can we answer the "why of where" question looking at economic sectors | yes- each place's economic sector is due to its amount of technology
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| criticism of rostow's model 1. based on western ideal of _____________ 2. assumes that all countries will develop like __________________ historically developed 3. is a ________________ pattern, though not all countries will develop in a linear manner | 1. mass consumption
2. western countries
3. linear
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| idea that countries will always reach highest level of development no matter what- only difference is time | developmentalism
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| developmentalism predicts that all countries will eventually reach the ______________ level of development | highest
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| criticism of developmentalism is that it is not an ___________________ system, core countries have advantages that peripheral countries do not | equal opportunity
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| the rich and powerful keep a portion of the population dependent upon them in order to control available resources | dependency theory
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| can the dependency theory be applied to individual countries on a global scale | yes
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| ex. of the dependency theory: core countries keep peripheral countries underdeveloped in order to have access to their ____________________ | cheap labor and resources
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| a city that is more than double the size of every other city in the country | primate city
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| what does a primate city and colonialism equal | where the colonial government is built nice houses, transportation, and hospitals; this attracts people
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| what other model does Rostow's model explain | the DTM
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| what is the birth rate, death rate and NIR in stage 1 of Rostow's model and what kind of region is it and explain why | birth: high
death: high
NIR: low
periphery region
no medical technology; rely on farming
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| what is the birth rate, death rate and NIR in stage 2 of Rostow's model and what kind of region is it and explain why | birth: high
death: started to drop
NIR: slowly rising
transition between periphery and semi-periphery
people are starting to live longer
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| what is the birth rate, death rate and NIR in stage 3 of Rostow's model and what kind of region is it and explain why | birth: falling
death: falling
NIR: rising
semi-periphery
shift to industry
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| what is the birth rate, death rate and NIR in stage 4 of Rostow's model and what kind of region is it and explain why | birth: leveling out
death: low
NIR: level
transition between semi- periphery and core
diversification
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| what is the birth rate, death rate and NIR in stage 5 of Rostow's model and what kind of region is it and explain why | birth: low
death: higher than CBR
NIR: negative
core region
more service jobs
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| at what stage of Rostow's model is the welfare system fully developed | stage 5
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| what are the names of the stages of Rostow's model | 1. traditional society
2. transitional stage
3. take off
4. drive to maturity
5. high mass consumption
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| where do MDCs seem to be located | in the north
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| where do LDCs seem to be located | in the south
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| why is Australia a MDC but in the south | oldest British colony
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| measurement of life enjoyment | standard of living
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| what does per capita mean | per head
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| total number of goods and services produced by a country divided by the total population | GDP per captia
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| what is the problem with using the GDP per capita for predicting standard of living within a country | everybody makes a different amount
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| measures income disparity between the wealthiest and the poorest in a country (100 is the highest and worst score) | Gini coefficient
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| what 3 things make up the physical quality of life index | literacy rate, life expectancy, infant mortality rate
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| what system is used more than anything else to measure development | Human Development Index (HDI)
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| developed to gain a predictor of standard of living by evaluating both the productivity of a country and social factors | HDI
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| what economic factors make up the HDI | GDP per capita
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| what social factors make up the HDI | literacy rate, level of education, life expectancy
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| on the HDI what is the highest and best score | 1
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| evaluates gender inequality by comparing per capita income, school inrollment, literacy, life expectancy | gender-related development index (GDI)
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| evaluated gender equality by comparing per capita income and types of jobs held by women (technical/administrative (tertiary) versus labor or basic jobs (primary) ) | gender empowerment measurement (GEM)
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| what is the current way of measuring gender equality | Gender inequality index (GII)
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| what 3 factors is the GII based on | reproductive health (maternal mortality ration and adolescent fertility rate), empowerment (share of parliamentary seats), labor market participation
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| what does a high score on the GII mean | lots of gender inequality
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| the idea to produce as many goods as possible domestically | self-sufficiency
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| taxes on imports | tariffs
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| government pays people to produce a specific good | subsidies
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| what do tariffs encourage people to buy | domestic products
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| what does self-sufficiency focus on reducing | poverty instead of individual wealth
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| countries can increase their development by trading with other countries | international trade
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| what kind of organization is the WTO | supranational
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| goals of the WTO | reduce barriers to international trade; allow for easier movement of money between countries; enforce trade agreements
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| can countries file a complaint with the WTO if another country violated a trade agreement | yes
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| gives countries loans to complete development projects | foreign direct investment
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| provides loans to countries to complete specific development projects such as strengthening infrastructure, financial institutions, transportation modes, and service projects | world bank
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| do loans given out by IMF have to have a specific project | no
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| gives loans to countries who are financially insecure to help stabilize their economy | international monetary fund (IMF)
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| aid is not a loan, but a payment of money to help them complete development goals | foreign development aid
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| what does NGO stand for | non- governmental organizations
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| loaning small amounts of money | microcredit
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| where did Grameen bank start | Bangladesh
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| who does Grameen bank give most of their loans to | impoverished people especially women
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| does Grameen bank give loans with collateral | no
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| what is the percentage of repayment to grameen bank | 98%
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| emphasis on conservation of resources for future generations | sustainable development
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| what does sustainable development require | development of renewable energy sources
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| what does sustainable development try to balance | economic growth without jeopardizing the environment
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| what are the 8 UN millennium development goals | 1end extreme poverty and hunger2achieve universal primary education3promote gender equality&empower women4reduce child mortality5improve maternal health6combat HIV/AIDS&other diseases7ensure environ. sustainability8develop a global partnership for develop
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| what are the 17 UN sustainable development goals | 1no poverty2 0 hunger3good health&well-being4good edu5gender =6/7clean water&energy8decent work&eco. growth9indust,innovate.infra.10reduce in=11sustain.cities12 respons.consumption13climate action14/15water&land life16 peace institute17partner2reach goal
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| what years were used to achieve the millennium development goals | 2000-2015
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| what years were used to achieve the sustainable development goals | 2015-2030
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| when was the 1st time the world got together to create development goals | UN millennium development goals 2000-2015
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| gross value of a product minus the costs of raw materials and energy | value added
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| development of core regions at the expense of those on the periphery | uneven development
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| portion of economy concerned with transportation, communications and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment | tertiary sector
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| quantity of something that producers have available for sale | supply
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| economic policies imposed on LDCs by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spendings, controlling inflation, selling pubicly owned utilities to private coroporations | structural adjustment program
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| portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials | secondary sector
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| resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans | renewable energy
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| materials from a nuclear reaction that emit radiation | radioactive waste
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| amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country | purchasing power parity
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| amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits | proven reserves
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| value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it | productivity
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| portion of economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials form Earth's surface | primary sector
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| amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist | potential reserve
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| solar energy cell, usually made from silicon that collects solar rays to generate electricity | photovoltaic cells
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| solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices | passive solar energy systems
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| source of energy that has a finite supply capable of being exhausted | nonrenewable energy
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| 8 international development goals that all members of the UN have agreed to achieve by 2015 | millennium development goals
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| provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries | microfinance
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| the number of women who die diving birth per 100,000 births | maternal mortality ratio
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| the percentage of a country's people who can read and write | literacy rate
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| modification of the HDI to account for inequality within a country | inequality adjusted HDI
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| power generated from moving water | hydroelectric power
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| indicator of the levels of development for each country, constructed by the UN that is based on income, literacy, education, and life expectancy | HDI
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| rapid increase in the value of houses followed by a sharp decline in their value | housing bubble
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| value of the output of goods and services produced in a country in a year, including money that leaves and enters the country | gross national income
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| value of the total output of goods and services produced in a country in a given time period | gross domestic product
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| energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks | geothermal energy
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| measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality | gender inequality index
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| creation of energy by joining the nuclei of 2 hydrogen atoms to form helium | fusion
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| pumping water at high pressure to break apart rocks in order to release natural gas | fracking
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| energy source formed from the residue of plants and animals buried millions of years ago | fossil fuels
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| investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country | foreign direct investment
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| splitting of an atomic nucleus to release energy | fission
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| percentage of women hold full time jobs outside the home | female labor force participation rate
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| alternative to international trade that emphasizes small business and worker owned democratically run cooperatives | fair trade
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| process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology | development
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| a country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development | developing countries
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| a country that has progressed relatively far along a continuum of development | developed countries
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| the quantity of something that consumers are willing and able to buy | demand
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| a nuclear power plant that creates its own fuel from plutonium | breeder reactor
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| fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste | biomass fuel
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| the number of births per 1,000 women ages 15 to 19 | adolescent fertility rate
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| solar energy systems that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices such a s photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors | active solar energy system
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