AP Human Geography Chapter 8
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| the study of the interaction of geographical area and political power. It is the former study of territoriality and power | political geography
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| what does political geography cover | forms of government, borders, treaties, trading blocs, conflicts war
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| an independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory | state
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| a community of people with a common culture or terriroty | nation
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| state=__________________ | country
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| Korea, Taiwan and the Poles are all ____________- | states
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| Hong Kong, Macaw, Scotland, Wales are all ______________________ | autonomous regions
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| states with very small land area | microstate
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| the first cities in Mesopotamia were ________________________ | city-states
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| sovereign state that comprises a _____________ and the surround countryside, built ________________ to define boundaries | town; walls
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| examples of physical boundaries | desert, mountain, water
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| 3 types of cultural boundaries | geometric religious, linguistic
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| tangible geographic area | frontier
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| what do frontiers provide | area of separation
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| what are becoming more attractive to states for agriculture and mining | frontiers
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| a boundary drawn before it was well populated | antecedent boundary
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| what kind of boundary are most antecedent boundaries | physical
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| boundary drawn after it was well populated | subsequent boundary
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| boundary drawn to accommodate religious, linguistic, ethnic, or economic differences | consequent boundary
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| boundary forced on existing cultural landscapes | superimposed boundaries
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| a boundary that no longer functions but is marked by some landscape features | relic boundary
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| advantage: easy defense and communications | compact
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| advantage: increases access to natural resources such as water disadvantage: difficult to control | prorupted state
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| advantage: another country is dependent on you | perforated
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| disadvantage: difficult to communicate | elongated
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| disadvantage: difficult to defend and communicate | fragmented
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| bounded (non-island) piece of territory that is now part of a state but lies separated from it by territory of another state ex: Alaska | exclave
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| piece of territory that is surrounded by another political unit of which it is not a par ( landlocked within the country which surrounds them) ex: Vatican City | enclave
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| isolation, at mercy of neighbors, need communication linkages, have formed alliances with other countries to lessen isolation Example: Switzerland | landlocked state
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| who were most modern day boundaries drawn by | Europe
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| territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than being completely independent | colony
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| effort by one country to establish settlements in a territory and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles on that territoyr | colonialism
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| 3 reasons for colonialism | God, Gold, Glory
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| control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous society | imperialism
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| what is European colonization of Africa and Asia considered | imperialism
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| study of relationships between political power and space | geopolitical theories
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| who proposed the organic theory and what was its main idea | Ratzel and he said that states are living organisms and they need nourishment such as other states, people and resources, etc. to survive
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| Halford Mackinder, this was poised to dominate the world due to its landmass and massive resources | heartland theory
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| where did Mackinder say the heartland was | core of eurasia
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| who propsed the rimland theory and what was its main idea | spykman- surrounding territories were more important because of access to sea ports
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| what did spykman say would happen if you had the heartland and rimland | world domination
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| what geopolitical theory is correct | none of them
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| government bestows power upon local territories rather than centrally controlling the entire country | federal state
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| governments give little or no power to their local territories | unitary state (nation-state)
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| each state is allotted a number of votes in a presidential election based on their ___________________ | population
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| representation in the ____________________________ is also based on population | house of representatives
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| # of representatives in the House + 2 Senators =_______________ | # of electoral votes your state has
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| when are legislative boundaries redrawn | every 10 years
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| manipulating districts to empower or discriminate against groups of people | gerrymandering
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| spreads opposition supporters across many districts in the minority | wasted vote
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| concentrates opposition supporters into few districts | excess vote
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| links distant areas of like-minded voters through oddly shaped boundaries | stacked vote
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| when did supranationalism begin | post Cold War
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| tendency for a country to give up political power to a higher authority in order to accomplish a common objective | supranationalism
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| what are the 2 different ways states cooperate | ~political & military cooperations
~economic cooperation
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| what was the original name of the United Nations | Former League of Nations which failed after WWI
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| when was the United Nations established and by whom | 1945 by the Allies
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| how many countries were part of the UN in 1955 | 16 countries
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| how many countries were part of the UN in 1960 | 17 countries
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| how many countries were part of the UN between 1990-93 | 26 countries
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| what is the United Nations job | peacekeepers
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| what does UNCLOS stand for | United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
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| defines the rights and responsibilities of nations with respect to their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources | UNCLOS
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| how much territory do you own off the coast of your land | 12 nm
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| how many miles of exclusive economic zone do you have | 200 nm
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| when did the era of two superpowers take place | cold war era
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| anti-communist (western europe) | North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
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| pro-communist (eastern europe) | Warsaw Pact
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| ______________________- is more important today in determining world powers | economy
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| leading superpower is not a single state but and ______________________ of European states | economic union
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| open borders, free trade between countries, common policies, larger trade market, common currency (EURO) | European Union
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| process by which regions withing a state gain political power at the expense of central government | devolution
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| the contentious political process by which a state may break up into smaller countries | balkanization
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| an identification withe the state and acceptance of national goals, allegiance to ideals and way of life, emotion that provides identity and loyalty, acceptance of common rules, helps integrate diverse groups | nationalism
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| study of symbols | iconography
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| what are 3 unifying institutions | schools(especially elementary), military, state religion
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| why are elementary schools an unifying institutuion | children learn their history, goals, values, traditions, and the common language
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| what is the state religion of thailand | buddhism
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| what is the state religion of nepal | hinduism
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| what is the state religion of pakistan | islam
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| what is the state religion of israel | judaism
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| centripetal force: security from _______________ aggression and ____________ conflicts | external; internal
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| centripetal force: __________________ opportunity of particpation | equal
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| centripetal force: responsive to the people's ________________________ | needs
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| centripetal force: joins areas together, roads and railroads | transportation and communication
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| centripetal force: tariffs and embargos, legals barriers on immigration, limitations through passports and visas | restrictions between conflicts
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| centrifugal force examples | destablilizing forces, lack of communication or transportation, nationalism, organized religion
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| new states are created, political instability, mass migration, ethnocentrism | effects of balkanization
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| actions by groups operating outside government rather than to those of official government agencies | terrorism
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| who do terrorists target | civilians
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| what did 9/11 start | war on terror
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| what group led the 9/11 attacks | Al-Qaeda
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| movements are expressions of regionalism: minority group self awareness and identification with a region rather than the state | separatism
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| transfer of some central powers to regional or local governments | devolutions
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| what are the stages in order of the states breaking up | unity--> separatism--> devolution--> balkanization--> terrorism
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