UCI Histo test 3
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| 3 purposes of lymphatic system | immune response, maintenance of body fluids, extramedullary heatopoiesis
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| lacteals | lymphatic capillaries
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| are lymphatic vessels fenestrated? | NO
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| flow of lymph | lymphatic capillaries to lymph vessels to lymph nodes to right lymphatic duct or thoracic duct
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| what is the largest lymph vessel in body | thoracic duct
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| where do the right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct drain | right and left subclavian veins respectively
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| structure of lymphatic cappillaries | single layer of attenuated endothelial cells with an incomplete basal lamina
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| what is lymphedema | elephantitis
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| causes of lymphadema | genetic or injury to lymphatic vessels (surgery, radiation therapy (breast cancer particularly); filariasis; cellulitis
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| filariasis | a parasitic infection causing lymphedema
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| treatment for lymphedema | decongestive therapy, compression, use of home sequential gradient pumps
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| lymphangitis | lymph vessel inflammation (usually streptococcus) from bacterial infection of lymphatic system; can lead to septicemia; can come from tumors, mastectomy, leg vein removal, or tinea pedis (foot fungus infection)
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| what do NK cells do | kill tumor cells, virally infected cells, bacteria, and parasites
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| which immune system is majorly affect by the lymphoid system | adaptive (innate is not)
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| IgD | activates B-cells
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| IgE | degranulates mast cells and basophils
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| IgG | opsonin, NK cytotoxicity
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| primary lymphoid organs | Thymus, prenatal/postnatal bone marrow, fetal liver
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| secondary lymphoid organs | lymph nodes, spleen, MALT, postnatal bone marrow
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| Encapsulated (dense) lymphatic organs | thymus, lymph nodes, spleen
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| unencapsulated (diffuse) lymphatic organs | MALT, BALT, GALT, tonsils
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| MALT, BALT, and GALT stand for what | mucosal associated lymphoid tissue, bronchial..., gut...
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| function of thymus | immunological competence of T cells, elimination of self-reactive T cells, and MHC (HLA) recognition
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| thymic lobes | 2 lobes arising from endoderm and mesoderm
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| lobules | incomplete divisions of the lobes formed by septa (trabeculae)
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| trabeculae | septa
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| thymus capsule | dense collagenous connective tissue covering the thymus
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| cortex of thymus | T cell education, elimination of self-reactive T cells, MHC recognition; contains thymocytes, macrophages, and epithelial reticular cells; appears dark due to lots of T cells
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| thymocytes | immature T cells in the cortex to be educated
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| 2 steps of cell instruction in the cortex of thymus | 1)maturation stimulate by hormones produced by epithelial reticular cells 2)testing the ability to recognize self-MHC I/II and self epitopes (mediated by type II/III epithelial reticular cells and bone marrow dendritic APC's
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| function of macrophages in cortex | phagocytose apoptosed T cells
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| how many lymphocyte clones are formed during embryonic development | 10 quadrillion
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| two ways to take out self-reacting t-cells | clonal deletion and anergy (inactivation)
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| TCR complex is composed of what | CD3 and either CD4 or CD8
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| medulla of thymus | lightly stained; full of Hassall's corpuscles and immunocompetent T cells
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| how do T cells leave medulla | via venules and efferent lymphatic vesseles; migrate to secondary lymphatic structures
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| hassall's corpuscles | composed of type VI epithelial reticular cells; increase with age; fxn unknown
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| reason for blood-thymus barrier | prevent developing T cells from contacting blood-borne macromolecules
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| how does the blood get to the thymus | vessels go through the trabeculae into the corticomedullary jxn, where they form capillary beds that penetrate the cortex
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| thymic cappilaries have what three features | a continuous endothelium, a thick basal lamina and adjacent epithelial reticular cells
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| what can cross the blood thymus barrier | self-macromolecules to participate in self-recognition of T-cells
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| Epithelial reticular cells in the Cortex (Types I-III | Isolate the Cortex of the thymus and prevent maturing T cells / Thymocytes from exposure to foreign antigens. Synthesize hormones (thymosin, serum thymic factor, and thymopoietin) that contribute to thymocyte maturation.
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| Epithelial reticular cells in the Medulla (Types IV-VI) | Assist in isolating the Cortex from Medulla (Type IV) to prevent maturing T cells / Thymocytes from exposure to foreign antigens. Type VI form Hassall’s corpuscles.
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| Thymic involution | atrophy of the thymus with age
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| lymph node size and contents of parenchyma | <3cm; T cells, B cells, APC's and macrophages
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| type of lymph vessel valves | semilunar
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| flow of lymph in lymph vessels | afferent lymphatic vessels, subcapsular sinuses, cortical sinuses (paratrabecular) which parallel the trabeculae, medullary sinuses, efferent lymphatic vessels
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| location and purpose of high endothelial venules in lymph node | in the paracortex; provide acces for lymphocytes to enter lymph node from vascular system
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| postcapillary venule location and purpose in lymph node | located in cortex; provide exit for lymphocytes from the lymph node into the vascular system
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| lymph node capsule | collagenous connective tissue surrounding lymph node; forms trabeculae upon vagination into lymph node
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| lymph node trabeculae | subdivide the outer lymph node cortex into incomplete compartments
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| cortex of lymph node | subdivided by trabeculae; houses B cell rich primary and secondary lymphoid nodules
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| primary cortical lymphoid nodules | spherical aggregates of virgin and memory B cells in the process of entering/leaving the lymph node
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| secondary cortical lymphoid nodules | pale staining and houses a germinal center; form from antigenic challenge, sites of memory B cell and plasma cell generation
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| lymph node corona | adjacent to a germinal center; composed of a dense accumulation of lymphocytes migrating away from their site of origin
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| dark zone in secondary cortical lymphoid nodules | site of intense B cell proliferation
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| light zone in secondary cortical lymphoid nodules | where proliferated B cells migrate, express Igs, do class switching, are exposed to antigen-bearing follicular dendritic cells, and are killed if they fail; survivors exit as memory B's or plasma cells
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| paracortex of lymph node | houses T cells (thymus dependent); location of adaptive immune response
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| steps of paracortex adaptive immune response | T cells migrate by the HEVs, Dcs/APCs migrate to paracortex to present their epitope-MHC complexes to T-helpers; T-helpers proliferate and expand the paracortex; T-h migrate to medullary sinuses, and exit the node
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| medulla of lymph node | large, convoluted lymph sinuses surrounded by lymphoid cells that are organized in clusters called medullary cords
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| medullary cords | located in lymph node medulla; contain lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages; lymphocytes must go through the medullary sinuses to exit the node via the efferent lymphatic vessels
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| fxns of spleen | filter blood, form lymphoid cells, eliminate blood-borne antigens, destroy old platelets and RBCs, fetal hematopoiesis, possible adult hematopoiesis
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| capsule, trabeculae, and hilum of spleen | just like the same in the lymph nodes
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| function of red pulp of spleen | filter the blood
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| components of red pulp of spleen | splenic sinuses and splenic cords of billroth
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| white pulp | PALS housing T cells and lymphoid nodules housing H cells
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| trabecular arteries in spleen | source of PALS
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| PALS | periarterial lymphatic sheath
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| trabecular arteries and PALS | trabecular arteries get smaller and smaller until they turn into PALS
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| PALS composed of | T cells to watch the blood
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| central artery | the vessel occupying the center of the PALS
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| penicillar artery | where the central artery terminates it loses its PALS and divides further into a series of short parallel branches, called penicillar arteries, which enter the red pulp
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| lymphoid nodules of spleen | found in white pulp; enclosed within the PALS, composed of B cells; displace the central artery to a peripheral position; may display germinal centers, indicating atigenic challenge
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| marginal zone in spleen | separates white pulp from red pulp composed of mainly B cells but also plasma cells, T cells, macrophages, and APC; this is the location where APC contact the blood
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| Splenic reticular fiber network | attached to the capsule and trabeculae; puts the right type of cells in contact with eachother
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| MALT | mucosal associated lymphatic tissue; nonencapsulated lymphoid nodules in the mucosa of th GI, respiratory, and urinary tracts; response to airborne/injected antigens; GALT, BALT, tonsils
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| GALT | gut associated lymphatic tissue; composed of B cells surrounded by T cells and APCs; no afferent lymph vessels, but efferent lymph drainage is present
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| peyer's patches | GALT in the ileum
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| M cells | microfold cells; found in ileum adjacent to peyer's patches; thought to capture antigens and transfer them to macrophages in peyer's patches
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| BALT | bronchial associated lymphoid tissues; similar to peyer's patches but in bronchi; no afferent vessels; efferent lymph drainage is present; mostly B cells; M cells are also present
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| tonsil | incompletely encapsulated aggregate of lymphoid nodules; mostly T and B lymphocytes
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| what are the three tonsils | palatine, pharyngeal, and lingual
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| palatine tonsils | composed of lymphoid nodules inside 10-12 crypts, which invaginate the tonsilar parenchyma
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| germinal centers are indicative of what and are found where? | indicative of B cell activation by antigen and proliferation; found in tonsil
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