Personal Rule and its failure
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| How did Charles secure his financial position without parliament? | Traditional feudal dues, Monopolies granted to individuals with exclusive rights to import products and sell at extortionate prices
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| What years did Charles make peace with France and Spain? | France in 1629, Spain in 1630
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| What was Charles main source of income? | Ship money
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| Ship money | A tax levied across the nation in 1635 initially intended for coastal counties. He generated £200,000 on average annually
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| Hampden's case | In October 1637, John Hampden refused to pay Ship money challenging it's legality
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| What was the outcome of Hampden's trial? | 7 out of 12 judges were out of favour with John Hampden. This alarmed public opinion that the King could raise taxation without parliamentary apporval.
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| Who was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633? | William Laud, arminian and previously Bishop of London
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| Laudianism | William Laud imposed the "beauty of holiness" by instructing the wearing of vestments, use of music, candles, and altar cloths.
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| How did Laud ensure people conformed to Laudianism? | Visitations were held. Bishops who did not conform were brought to church courts as offenders
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| Who opposed Laudianism? | radical Puritans particularly but they were a minority and there was a general passive acceptance of Laudianism
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| What did Charles impose in Scotland in 1637? | A Laudian prayer book was imposed on Presbyterian Scotland. This caused widespread rioting.
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| How did the Scottish clergy and nobility react? | In 1638 they signed the National Covenant, taking an Oath to resist changes to the Scottish Kirk
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| Presbyterian | a church system governed by representative assemblies of elders.
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| Episcopalian | government of a Church by bishops.
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| Scottish Kirk | Church of Scotland
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| Which war took place and who won? | In reaction to the National Covenant Charles declared war on Scotland (the Bishops War). The Scots were well organised and Charles had insufficient funds to pay for his campaign
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| Short Parliament | In 1640 Charles called parliament to finance an army to defeat the Scots. This lasted three weeks as Charles refused MPs' demands to remove Laudianism and the removal of Feudal dues.
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| August 1640 | Lack of finance left Charles vulnerable and on this date the Scots invaded northern England and occupied Newcastle.
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| What was the settlement agreed in the Bishops war? | Charles would pay Scotland £850 a day until there was a settlement. In September 1640 the long parliament was summoned. They met in November.
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| Prerogative | a right or privilege exclusive to a particular individual or class.
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