muscle flashcards
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| Contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force.
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| Excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| Extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| Elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched.
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| What are four major functional characteristics of skeletal muscle? | contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity
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| What do muscles help produce? | heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature
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| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called? | epimysium
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| Is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. | fascia
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| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called fasciculi(fascicle), which are surrounded by loose connective tissue called? | perimysium
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| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called? | fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the? | endomysium
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| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with? | myofibrils
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| What are myofibrils? | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other.
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| Myofibrils consists of what two major kinds of protein fibers? | actin myofilaments and myosin myofilaments.
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| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called? | sarcomeres
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| What are actin myofilaments? | thin myofilaments
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| What do actin myofilaments resemble? | they resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together.
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| What are myosin myofilaments? | thick myofilaments.
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| What do myosin myofilaments resemble? | they resemble bundles of minute golf clubs
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| What is a sarcomere? | the basic structural and functional unity of the muscle.
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| Each sarcomere extends from what? | from one Z line to another Z line
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| On each side of the Z line is a light area called what? | I band
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| What does the I band consist of? | actin
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| The A band extends what? | the length of the myosin
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| What is the darker central region in each sarcomere? | the A band
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| In the center of each sarcomere is another light area called what? | the H zone
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| What does the H zone consist of? | it consists of only myosin
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| The myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called the? | M line
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| The charge difference across the membrane is called the? | resting membrane potential
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| The brief reversal back of the charge is called? | action potential
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| What are motor neurons? | are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers
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| What do axons enter? | the muscles and branch
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a? | neuromuscular junction or synapse
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| A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called a ? | motor unit
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| What is a neuromuscular junction formed by? | an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane
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| The enlarged nerve terminal is the? | presynaptic terminal
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| The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the? | synaptic cleft
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| Each presynaptic terminal contains what? | synaptic vesicles
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| Synaptic vesicles secretes a neurotransmitter called what? | acetylcholine
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| What diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell? | acetylcholine
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| What occurs when actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten? | muscle contraction
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| What is the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction called? | sliding filament mechanism
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| What is muscle twitch? | It is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the actin potential in one or more muscle fibers.
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called what/ | threshold
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| What is threshold? | at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally.
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| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the? | lag phase
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| What is a contraction phase? | the time of contraction
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| What is the relaxation phase? | the time during which the muscle relaxes.
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| What is tetany? | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing.
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| What is the increase in number of motor units being activated? | recruitment
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| What is needed for energy for muscle contraction? | ATP(adenosine triphosphate)
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| What is produced in the mitochondria? | ATP( adenosine triphosphate)
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| What respiration is without oxygen? | anaerobic
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| What respiration is with oxygen and (more efficient)? | aerobic
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| What is the oxygen debt? | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells.
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| What results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in muscle cells? | muscle fatigue
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| What are the 2 types of muscle contractions? | isometric and isotonic
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| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. ( equal distance) | Isometric
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| The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes. ( equal tension) | isotonic
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| What is muscle tone? | it refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time.
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| What contracts quickly and fatigue quickly? | fast-twitch fibers
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| Is fast-twitch fibers more adapted to anaerobic metabolism or aerobic metabolism? | anaerobic metabolism
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| What contracts more slowly and is more resistant to fatigue/ | slow-twitch fibers
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| Is slow-twitch fibers more adapted to anaerobic metabolism or aerobic metabolism? | aerobic metabolism
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| White meat is an example of which twitch fiber? | fast- twitch fiber
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| Dark meat is an example of which twitch fiber? | slow- twitch fiber
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| What is the most stationary end of the muscle? | origin (head)
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| What is the end of the muscle that undergoes the greatest movement? | insertion
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| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the what? | belly
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called what? | synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called what? | antagonists
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| If one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement that muscle is called what? | prime mover
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| Muscles are named according to their what? | location, size, orientation of fibers, shape, origin, insertion, and function
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| What muscle raises the eyebrow? | occipitofrontalis
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| What closes the eyelids and causes ''crows feet'' at the corners of the eyes? | orbicularis oculi
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| What muscle puckers the lips? | orbicularis oris
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| What muscle flattens the cheeks and is also known as the trumpeter's muscle? | buccinator
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| What is the smiling muscle? | zygomaticus
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| What is mastication? | chewing
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| What are the 4 pairs of mastication muscles? | 2 pairs of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter
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| Which of the tongue muscles changes the shape of the tongue? | Intrinsic tongue muscles
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| Which of the tongue muscles moves the tongue? | extrinsic tongue muscles
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| Sternocleidomastoid is the what? | lateral neck muscle and the prime mover of the neck
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| What are group of muscles on each side of the back called? | erector spinae
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| What do external intercostals do? | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| What do internal intercostals do? | contract during forced inspiration
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| What accomplishes quiet breathing? | the diaphragm
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