Ch.6 muscles
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| muscle cells | muscle fibers
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ____ | epimysium
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| ____ is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium | fascia
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| muscle fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the ____ | perimysium
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| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the ____ | endomysium
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| the cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ___ | myofibrils
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| thin myofilaments (pearls twisted) | actin myofilaments
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| thick myofilaments (golf balls) | myosin myofilaments
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| joined end to end to form the myofibril | sarcomeres
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| the charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential
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| the brief reversal back of the charge | action potential
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| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons
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| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _____ _____, or _____ near the center of the cell. | neuromusclular junction ; synapse
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| a single motor neuron | motor unit
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| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal
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| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft
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| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber
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| secrete a neurotransmitter | synaptic vesicles
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| neurotransmitter | acetylcholine
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| enzyme that breaks down muscle cells | acetylcholinesterase
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| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism
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| ___ ___ is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch
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| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called ____ | threshold
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| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase
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| the time of contraction | contraction phase
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| the time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase
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| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany
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| the increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment
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| ATP is produced in the _______ | mitochondria
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| adenosine triphosphate | ATP
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| adenosine diphosphate | ADP
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| high-energy molecule ATP stores | creatine phosphate
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| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration
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| with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration
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| the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt
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| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue
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| the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric muscle contraction
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| the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic muscle contraction
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| Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight | muscle tone
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| contract quickly and fatigue quickly | fast twitch fibers
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| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue | slow twitch fibers
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| At these attachment points the muscle is connected to the bone by ____ | a tendon
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| the most stationary end of the muscle | origin
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| the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion
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| the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | the belly
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| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists
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| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists
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| if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement it is the _____ | prime mover
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers lips
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| Buccinator | flattens cheeks
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Intrinsic Tongue Muscles | change the shape of the tongue
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| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | move the tongue
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| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover
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| Erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. Responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles
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| elevate the ribs during inspiration | External intercostals
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| contract during forced expiration | Internal intercostals
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| accomplishes quiet breathing | diaphragm
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| tendinous area of the abdominal wall | linea alba
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| On each side of the linea alba is the ____ | rectus abdominis muscle
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| ______ cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented | Tendinous inscriptions
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm
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Created by:
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