chapter 6 muscles
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| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force
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| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched
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| extensibility | the ability to be stretched
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| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus
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| What does an I band consist of? | actin
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| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing
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| Where is ATP produced? | mitochondria
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| Fast-twitch fibers... | contract quickly and fatigue quickly
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| Slow-twitch fibers... | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue
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| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called... | synergists
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| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are called... | antagonists
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| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist
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| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist
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| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers
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| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers
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| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm; occupies the posterior component of the arm
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| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm; occupies the anterior component of the arm
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| Brachialis | flexes forearm
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| Brachioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm
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| Trapezius | rotates scapula
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| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly
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| Pectoralis major | adducts and flexes the arm
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| Lastissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm. "swimmer muscles"
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| Deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle, and is the major abductor of the upper limb
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| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows
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| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye
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| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips
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| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks; trumpeter's muscles
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| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle
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| Levator labii superioris | sneering
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| Depressor anguli oris | frowning
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| Mastication | chewing
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| Each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the... | epimysium
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| What is another connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles? | fascia
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| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called what? | muscle fasciculi (fascicle)
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| Muscle fasciculi are surrounded by loose connective tissue called the what ? | perimysium
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| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called what? | Muscle fibers
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| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the what? | endomysium
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| The cytoplasm of each muscle fiber is filled with what? | myofibrils
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| What are myofibrils? | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other
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| 2 major kinds of protein fibers | actin and myosin
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| gluteus maximus | buttocks
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| quadriceps femoris | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles
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| sartorius | "tailors muscle"; flexes the thigh
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| hamstring muscles | posterior thigh muscles; flexes the leg and extends the thigh
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| intrinsic foot muscles | 20 muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes
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| peroneus | lateral muscles of the leg; everters of the foot and aid in plantar flexion
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| gastrocnemius and soleus | form the calf muscle; form the calcaneal tendon, flex the foot and toes
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| retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds them in place around the wrist so that they do not “bowstring” during muscle contraction
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| intrinsic hand muscles | 19 hand muscles
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| interossi muscles | located between the metacarpals, are responsible for the abduction and adduction of the fingers
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| gluteus medius | hip muscle and common injection site
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| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing, dome-shaped muscle
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| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back, responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect
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| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover, rotates and abducts the head
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| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax
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| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration
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| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration
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| linea alba | a vertical linear indentation is visible, extending from the sternum, through the navel to the pubis; consists of white connective tissue rather than muscle
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| rectus abdominis | muscles on each side of the linea alba
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| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall of a well-muscled person to appear segmented
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| The time of contraction is the... | contraction phase
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| The time during which the muscle relaxes is the... | relaxation phase
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| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called... | recruitment
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| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen
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| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen
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| Origin | the most stationary end of the muscle
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| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is... | belly
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| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement, it is the... | prime mover
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| The end of the muscle undergoing the greatest muscle is... | insertion
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| isometric | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process
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| isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes
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| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells
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| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction is the... | lag phase
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| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called... | threshold
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| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the... | sliding filament mechanism
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