Unit 8 Vocabulary
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each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
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| World War II | Allied powers (Britain, France, USSR, China) vs. Axis powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) ; began in Europe in 1939, US joined in 1941
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| Lend-Lease Act | USA could lend military equipment and supplies to any nation the president said was vital to the defense of the United States. Over $50 Billion sent to Allies.
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| Pearl Harbor | US navy base in Hawaii Japanese launched a surprise attack on Dec. 7, 1941; Over 2,400 Americans killed US enters WWII after
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| Pacific Theater | US fighting against Axis powers in Pacific (Japan) using Island Hopping strategy
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| Battle of Midway | USA destroyed 4 Japanese aircraft carriers and lost 1 - major morale boost for USA - American victory regarded as most important naval battle in Pacific
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| Manhattan Project | code name for development of atomic bombs - successful test at Los Alamos New Mexico - began w/ fear of German development - leads to Cold War arms race with USSR after WWII
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| Albert Einstein | German born physicist who fled to the US from Europe and informed the president Germany was developing atomic weapons; led to Manhattan project
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| Atomic Bombs | first nuclear weapons developed by US during World War II; only nuclear weapons ever used in warfare when US bombed Hiroshima and Nagasaki to force Japan to surrender
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| Island Hopping | Allied strategy to preserve resources and work way towards main islands of Japan
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| European Theater | US battles against Axis powers in Europe (Germany & Italy)
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| D-Day | Allied victory that began advance to reclaim Europe - Operation Overlord -storm beach at Normandy, France - largest seaborne invasion in history - 156,000 men in 6,939 boats crossed English Channel.
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| Battle of Berlin | USSR troops overtook German capital - Soviets lost 81,116 men - Germans lost 458,080 - Hitler commits suicide
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| Rationing | Items such as sugar, meat, butter, canned vegetables, fruits, and gasoline required stamps to limit American consumption
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| Wartime Conversation | privately owned companies produced materials to support war; Ford made planes and tanks
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| A. Philip Randolph | black civil rights leader; met with FDR to encourage legislation ending discrimination and to integrate military; started March on Washington movement
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| Integration | the process of bringing together people of different races, religions, and social classes; opposite of segregation
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| Japanese Internment | 110,000 Japanese-Americans were removed from California, Oregon, and Washington via executive order & forced into camps for the duration of the war; Japanese lost businesses, houses, farms, etc.
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| Cold War | tension and arms race between USA and USSR from 1945-1991; no actual fighting between these two countries happened
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| Containment | policy of keeping communism contained within its current borders; prohibit spread of communism
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) | created for mutual defense of Western Europe amid fears of atomic armed USSR
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| Truman Doctrine | USA foreign policy; United States’ belief that communism would infiltrate those areas of Europe that were left weakened by the effects of World War II.
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| Marshall Plan | plan to combat negative economic impacts of WWII in Europe to prevent countries from turning to communism; give countries money to help rebuild economy and support democracy
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| Korean War | communist North Korea invaded democratic South Korea; China supported N. Korea & US supported S. Korea; war ends with two nations created and neutral zone established on 38th paralell
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| G. I. Bill | passed by Congress to protect and reward returning servicemen; low interest loans, grants for college, etc.
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| McCarthyism | derogatory term for baseless accusations that was popularized by Senator Joseph McCarthy’s witch hunt against communism in the USA
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| National Interstate and Defense Highways Act | 1956 ; create highways for strategic transportation of troops and supplies; forever changed population patterns and grows suburbia
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| Brown v. Board of Education | “...in the field of public education, the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.” - integrates schools; overturns Plessy v. Ferguson
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| Harry S. Truman | 33rd US President who assumed power after FDR died; democrat; made decision to drop atomic bombs; containment policy; Korean War; Marshall Plan; desegregated military
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| Dwight D. Eisenhower | 34th US President; republican; domino theory; enforced Brown v. Board decision; Interstate Highway Act; massive retaliation theory
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| Sputnik | first man-made earth satellite launched by Soviet Union; surprised the US & led to more math & science education
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| National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA) | government organization promotion space research and travel; made in US after Sputnik launched
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| Massive Retaliation | Eisenhower's plan that the United States would answer any military attack with all out military and atomic capacity
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| Domino Theory | the idea that if one nation falls to communism, its closest neighbors will also fall under communist control; promoted by Eisenhower; led to intervention in Vietnam
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