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Reconstruction and the West

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Term
Definition
13th Amendment   Abolished Slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime  
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14th Amendment   Adopted in 1868 as one of the Reconstruction Amendments  
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15th Amendment   Prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizens race or previous condition of servitude  
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Freedmen's Bureau   Established in 1865 by Congress to help millions of former black slaves and poor whites in the south in the aftermath of the Civil War  
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Sharecropping   a form of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of crops produced on their portion of the land  
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Scalawags   Southern whites who cooperated with Carpetbaggers and new Republican government.  
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Carpetbaggers   Northerners who went south after the Civil War. They became involved in economic interests, as well as the Republican Party.  
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Black Codes   laws passed in south with the intent of restricting African Americans freedom, and of compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt. Ex. race was defined by blood, employment was required of all freedmen  
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Jim Crow laws   State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the South  
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Ku Klux Klan (post civil war)   Dedicated itself to an underground campaign of violence against Republican leaders and voters in effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction  
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Radical Republicans   Members of the Republican Party who were dedicated to emancipation of slaves and later to the equal treatment of freed blacks  
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Literacy Tests (for voting)   Part of the voter registration process and used to deny suffrage to African Americans  
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Segregation   The action of setting someone apart from other people  
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Plessy vs Ferguson   A landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court which upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as they were equal in quality  
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Transcontinental Railroad   1,912 mile railroad that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha with the Pacific coast.  
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Barbed Wire (impact)   Created by Lucien B. Smith in 1867. A type of steel fence that contains sharp points arranged at intervals along the strand  
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Dawes Act   Authorized the President to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.  
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Wounded Knee   A massacre that happened on December 29, 1890 near Wounded Knee Creek on Lakota Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota.  
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Sand Creek Massacre   A massacre in the American Indian Wars in 1864, when a U.S. volunteer cavalry attacked a village of Cheyenne and Arapaho people in Colorado territory  
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Homestead Act   Several laws in the U.S. that an applicant could acquire ownership of government land or the public domain.  
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Cowboys (cattle industry)   People who migrated west and adopted aspects of vaquero culture including their clothing style and cattle-driving methods  
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Plains Indians   Native American tribes who first lived on the Great Plains. They were resistant to the U.S. and Canadian government and military forces.  
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Battle of Little Bighorn (Custer's last stand)   an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th cavalry regiment of the U.S.  
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