APCSP
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| abstraction | removing detail to simplify a complex object or concept; generalizing an idea to identify its essence
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| high level languages | programming languages most programmers use
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| assembly language | language of operating systems
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| machine language | converted to binary numbers
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| electric signals | what the machine language gets converted to
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| data | a bunch of facts that are not in any sort of order; usually unreadable
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| information | data that has been processed and organized into a meaningful format
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| analog | continuous data
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| digital | discreet pieces of data; takes less space; breaks between data
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| Two's Complement | used to add and store negative integers
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| overflow | a situation that occurs when a calculation in a computer results in a number too big for the allowable bits
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| integers | whole numbers, including zeroes and negatives
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| floating point numbers | numbers with decimals
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| radix point | "decimal" point for all bases
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| American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) | text that matches up numerical values with western language; 0-127 characters
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| Extended ASCII Table | 256 characters; includes more detailed characters
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| Unicode | 65,536 characters; includes characters for languages such as Chinese and Japanese; international; first 256 characters same as Extended ASCII
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| compression | taking up less space; used with data
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| lossless | when you decompress it you don't lose anything
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| lossy | when you decompress it you will lose something; compresses it smaller
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| keyword encoding | frequently used words are replaced with a single character
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| run-length encoding | capitalizes on situations involving the repetition of a single character
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| Huffman encoding | uses variable-length bit strings to represent each character
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| digitize | the process of analog to digital
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| sampling | digitizes audio
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| .wav | audio; compressed or not; older, used for windows; compression: small
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| .aiff | audio; older; Mac; low compression
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| .mp3 | audio; cross-platform; high compression; lossy and lossless
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| photoreceptors | distinguish between 3 primary colors
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| pixels | one tiny fraction of an image
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| resolution | the number of pixels being stored or displayed
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| raster-graphics | breaking down an image into pixels
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| .bmp | image; Bitmap File; pretty common; not compressed; pixel by pixel file
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| .gif | image; Graphics Interchange Format; usually limits color palate; reduces storage; compressed; good format for Internet images
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| .jpeg | image; compressed but much higher quality; averages pixels together; format you use for photographic quality
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| .png | Portable Network Graphics; highly compressed; more colors and compression than gif; good for small index images
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| logic gate | building blocks for circuits; computer components that take in one or more electrical signal and produce one electrical output signal; made of transistors
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| transistors | act as a wire (conducting electricity) or as a resistor (blocking electricity) depending on the voltage of the signal; act like a switch; made up of semiconductor material
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| circuits | a combination of logic gates
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| circuit equivalence | when two circuits have the same set of outputs for the same inputs
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| half-adder | adds up two binary bits
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| full-adder | adds 3 bits; 5 gates
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| multiplexor (MUX) | chooses a path based on an input
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| integrated circuit (IC) | full name for a chip; a bunch of gates tied together
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| solder | take hot metal/allow; to permanently secure chip to board
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| Small Scale Integration (SSI) | 1-10 gates (MUX)
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| Medium Scale Integration (MSI) | 10-100 gates
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| Large Scale Integration (LSI) | 100-100,000 gates
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| Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) | 100,000+ gates
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| Control Unit | controls what happens in the computer; directs the slow of everything
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| ALU | Arithmetic Logic Unit
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| computer architecture | the design/makeup of a computer
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| von Neumann Architecture | data and instructions can be stored in the same place
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| registers | quick access; small amounts of memory
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| buses | wires connecting all the circuits; in the motherboard
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| Central Processing Unit (CPU) | most important IC of computer; brain of computer; usually 2 inch square chip mounted on motherboard along with power control and RAM
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| Control Unit | coordinates the computer's activities; runs the fetch-execute cycle
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| Arithmetic Logic Unit | performs mathematical and logical operations
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| registers | storage cells for temporary storage of data and instructions; faster than accessing RAM
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| Main Bus | wires carrying signals
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| dual processor | 2 IC's on a single chip
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| microprocessor | CPU found in smaller devices
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| Graphics Processor Unit (GPU) | separate from CPU games and graphics software; send some commands to GPU to control the screen without tying up the CPU
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| KB | 1,000 bytes
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| MB | 1,000,000 bytes
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| GB | 10^9 bytes
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| TB | 10^12 bytes
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| RAM | outside of CPU; stores data and instructions running but not being executed at the moment
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| registers | inside CPU; store instructions and data currently being processed; faster than RAM
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| cache | inside CPU; small amount of memory stores a copy of data and instructions being executed to save time sending/retrieving info to/from RAM
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| Hard Disk Drive (HDD) | spinning magnetic disk; data stored in sectors and tracks access speeds slow down speed of computer; more susceptible to damage; can be wiped by large magnet
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| Soft State Drive (SSD) | electronic storage; each data cell has an address; faster access speed; can be damaged by power outage
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| CD/DVD | optical disk; stored and read by laser; data stored in sectors and tracks; speed listed as nX, meaning data transfer is n times faster than a video DVD player
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| Flash Drive | electrical storage; stable without external power for years; no moving parts=high speed data transfer
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| SD Card | secure digital memory card; electronic storage; small; often used for photos, music, phones, etc.
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| Universal Serial Bus (USB) | generation 1, 2, 3
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| High Def Multimedia Interface (HDMI) | usually for audio/visual devices
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| Video Graphics Adaptor (VGA) | connects to display or projector
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| Ethernet | connects to router for modern networking
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| firewire | very fast data transfer; high performance devices
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| Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) | most monitors are this
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| Light Emitting Diode (LED) | cooler and longer lasting than fluorescent lighting
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| Moore's Law | a projection that the number of circuits that can be placed on a single integrated circuit will double each year
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| planned obsolescence | changing the design of a product to increase sales without really improving it
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| seek time | time it takes for the arm to move over the right track on a disk
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| latency | how long it takes the disk to rotate to the right sector
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| access time | sum of seek time and latency
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| transfer rate | how long it takes to get from secondary storage to RAM
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| Random Access Memory (RAM) | primary memory; electronic; no moving parts
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| volatile | cleared at shutdown
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| Read Only Memory (ROM) | hardwired/burned at creation; non-volatile
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| parallel computing | using multiple processors to increase capacity and/or decrease speed; must have some shared access to programs and/or memory
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| synchronous processing | multiple processors performing the same task on different data sets at the same time
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| pipeline processing | multiple processors performing different tasks on the same data set in succession OR multiple processors performing different tasks on different parts of the same data at the same time
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| information systems | software to organize, analyze and present data
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| data | raw facts
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| information | data that has been organized or analyzed
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| spreadsheets | an application that enables data analysis based on formulas that define relationships among the data
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| dynamic (spreadsheet) | changes to the data are reflected in the calculations immediately
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| circular reference | a formula in one cell references another cell that contains a formula based on the value of the first cell; creates a situation that cannot be resolved
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| database | a structured set of data
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| Database Management Systems (DBMS) | manages data
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| physical database | files that contain the data
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| database schema | structure of the data
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| database engine | program allowing user to enter, search, filter and retrieve the data
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| Structured Query Language (SQL) | database programming language for managing databases
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| digital libraries | collections of digital objects that include text, visual, audio and video files
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| digital archive | primary sources of information rather than the secondary sources found in a library; easily reproducible and may have been reduced from elsewhere
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| metadata | data to provide information about other data
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| search engines | use metadata; not necessarily the same thing as a web browser
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| spider | database that does the searching
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| e-Commerce | applications that allow the purchase and sale of goods and services via the World Wide Web
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| data mining | looking for patterns in static data collections called data warehouses; seeks to identify previously unknown patterns
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| Class Description | characterizes similar groups of data
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| Class Discrimination | identifies properties that divide groups of data
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| Cluster Analysis | looks for new ways to group data
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| Association Analysis | looks for links between groups
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| Outlier Analysis | looks for data pieces that don't comply with the group norm; used for error and fraud detection
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| Open Access | online research materials that are free of tolls and copyright restrictions
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| Creative Commons | used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use and build work they created
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| US Privacy Act of 1974 | required government agencies to publish notice of their databases in the Federal Register to allow citizens to access and correct information
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| The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) | regulates the use and disclosure of protected health information by health insurers and medical service providers
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| The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act | governs access of educational information and records; gives parents access to students' education records until they are 18; gives students 18+ enrolled in any post-secondary institution right of privacy
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| Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978) | established FISA Court
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| FISA Court | oversees surveillance warrants against foreign spies within the US
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| artificial intelligence | the study/implementation of computer systems that model and apply the intelligence of the human mind
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| Turing Test | test to see if something is intelligent
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| Knowledge Representation | how we simulate the decision making process; uses different techniques to represent knowledge; semantic networks
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| semantic networks | mindmap; used to make decisions
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| search trees | a structure that represents all of the possible consequences of a decision
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| Expert Systems | computer systems that embody the knowledge of human experts in a specific field; asks user questions based on set of programmed rules and ultimately renders a decision; uses interference engine to determine how rules are followed
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| Neural Networks | computer systems that mimic the processing of the human brain; often used in decision making, optical character/image recognition, and explosive detection; more it runs, more it produces accurate results
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| Natural Language Processing | computer systems that process human language through voice recognition, comprehension and synthesis; breaks sounds into units called phonemes and requires database of phonetics for words
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| Robotics | autonomous, mobile robots that require Artificial Intelligence to interact with their surroundings
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| models | creating a representation of a complex system and altering that model to observe the results
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| virtual reality (VR) | computer technologies that generate realistic images, sounds and other sensations that replicate an environment and enables the user to interact with this space
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| augmented reality (AR) | superimposes a computer generated environment not he user's view of the real world
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| 2-D Graphics Software | converts 2-D shapes into pixel data to produce an image that can be manipulated or animated
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| Image Processing Software | analyzes pixels in an image to identify patterns or even understand images
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| polygonal mesh | a set of polygons that cover the surface of the object
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| particle system | particles are assigned behavioral formulas to make them move to form a shape
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| rendering the scene | determining how the objects in a scene graph would appear when projected onto a 2-D projection plane
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| clipping | the process of slicing off the objects that are not in the view volume
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| scan conversion/rasterization | process of assigning patches on remaining scene graph to pixels on 2-D image by passing straight lines from camera to objects
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| Hidden Surface Removal | process of discarding points on the scene that are blocked by other points
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| animation | displaying a sequence of 2-D images in rapid succession
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| storyboard | sequence of 2-D images that tell the story
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| Operating System (OS) | the main component of the system software and it has two main jobs
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| Utility Software | programs that extend or customize the OS
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| User Interface | how the user opens and storms programs and documents
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| Graphical User Interface | icons and windows
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| Kernel | coordinates all of the computer's activities
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| Process Management | scheduling the use of the CPU
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| Memory Management | allocates space within RAM for programs and data; OS must move parts of programs in and out of RAM as needed
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| paging | moving parts of programs in and out of RAM as needed
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| File Management | coordinates the use of mass storage, the location of files, accessibility of files, storing new files
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| File Organization | allows users to organize files in folders or directories; each file has a directory path
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| Device Driver Communication | communicates with peripheral devices
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| bootstrapping | when the computer is turned on, all or part of the OS is transferred from mass storage to main memory; boot loader is stored in ROM and tells the computer to transfer OS to RAM and run it when it is turned on
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| algorithm | an ordered set of executable sets that solve a problem or complete a task
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| pseudocode | generic coding without syntax rules
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| syntax | specific commands, punctuation, arguments etc.
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| variable | name of a memory location used to store a value
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| input | when you get a value from the user it must be assigned to a variable
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| output | value of variable or specific string
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| nesting | putting decision statements inside other decision statements
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| computer network | two or more computers connected via communication devices and media
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| Internet | a collection of networks that link billions of businesses, government agencies, educational institutions, and individuals
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| NPL | British network; nationwide; established in 1965
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| ARPANET | US network; nationwide; established in 1969
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| CYCLADES | French network; nationwide; established in 1973
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| World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) | oversees research and sets standards and guidelines
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| Internet 2 (I2) | develops and tests advanced Internet technologies
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| Internet Service Provider (ISP) | company that provides access to the Internet to users or subscribers of its service
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| Tier 1 ISP | very high capacity WANs operated by very large telecom companies
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| Tier 2 ISP | regional WANs operated by large telecom companies
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| Local Access ISP | smaller WANs
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| dial-up access | home or business; computer, modem, regular telephone line
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| high speed access | home or business; digital subscriber line; cable modem
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| digital subscriber line (DSL) | provides high speed Internet connections over regular copper telephone line
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| cable modem | provides high speed Internet connections through cable television network
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| World Wide Web | an information space of the Internet where electronic documents are identified by URL, interlinked by hyperlinks
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| URL | name of file that is website
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| HTML | language of website
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| web browser | addition to ISP; software application that allows you to access and view web pages via their URL
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| search engine | software program that searches for information on the Web; maintains information by running an algorithm on a web crawler
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| web crawler | a bot that constantly browses web sites to update an index
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| Personal Area Network (PAN) |
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| Local Area Network (LAN) | a single building/campus
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| Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) | a community/city
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| Wide Area Network (WAN) | cities/countries
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| star topology | computers are connected to a central computer; all communications must go through a central computer; the basis for most Wifi networks
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| bus topology | all computers on the network can communicate with each other; Ethernet networks use this
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| hub | small pus with several inputs connecting computers in a small area to the bus network
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| repeater | device to connect two bus networks; amplifies signals
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| bridge | device to connect two bus networks; any signals intended for a computer on the origin side is returned
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| switch | like a bridge but it connects more than 2 bus networks
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| router | a computer for connecting incompatible networks
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| twisted-pair wire | regular phone lines; simplest and slowest
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| coaxial cable | standard cable lines; copper wires surrounded by thick insulation
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| fiber optics | fast, accurate, durable; electrons translated into light pulses
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| Client/Server Model | clients make requests; device on network is considered a server and other networks are considered clients; servers satisfy the requests of clients
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| Peer to Peer (P2P) Model | devices on network provide service to and receive services from each other; collaboration
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| distributed system | type of network communication; programs that are executed on different computers
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| Cluster Computing | many independent computers work together to provide computating services comparable to a larger computer
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| Grid Computer | members of the grid volunteer their computing power to the grid while not in use for themselves
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| Cloud Computing | generally owned; huge pools of shared computers can be allocated for use by clients as needed
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| redundancy | additional instances of network devices, equipment and communications mediums are installed within the network infrastructure to ensure network availability in case a device fails or is unavailable
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| latency | amount of time a signal takes to traverse a network
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| sensor network | devices distributed throughout a network to monitor environmental conditions like temperature, sound, pressure, etc.
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| Network Interface Cards (NICs) | expansion card to connect to Ethernet
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| Bluetooth | a type of short range wireless interconnection
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| bandwidth | bit-rate of available information capacity
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| protocols | rules that govern electronic communication
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| Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) | used for most emails
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| Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) | used for most web pages
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| Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) | encrypted; supposed to be more secure
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| Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) | sets up and monitors transmission; manages sending and receiving of packets; makes sure message is divided up properly and addresses with origin and destination IP addresses when sent
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| Internet Protocol (IP) | handles transmission of data on the Internet; manages how data travels on the Internet
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| Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) | allocates blocks of IP addresses to 5 regional RIRs that distribute the addresses to ISPs within their systems
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| IPv4 | current 32-bit IP address format; allows for roughly 4 billion unique addresses
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| IPv6 | multi-year transition to 128-bit IP address format happening right now; 340 undecillion unique addresses
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| packet routing | most messages are too large to travel over the Internet; broken into smaller units called packets
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| routers | devices on Internet to keep packets moving; chooses best path to take at each intersection
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| scalable | work with large and small numbers
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| redundant | have repeated elements
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| fault tolerance | because of redundancy, networks won't collapse when part of it breaks down
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| web page | electronic document; must follow HTTP protocol
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| World Wide Web | collection of web pages
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| website | collection of related web pages
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| hyperlinks | built-in connections to other documents
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| Domain Name System (DNS) | associates text names with device IP addresses
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| DNS Servers | connect to Internet set up in a hierarchy to store and look up IP addresses
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| DNS Spoofing | when a hacker breaks into a DNS server and assigns the wrong IP address to a domain name; sends web page users to an imposter website where they are vulnerable
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| registrars | agencies assigned by ICANN
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| Top Level Domain (TLD) | suffix on the end of domain name
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| Sub Domains | user that registers a domain name can extend that name to obtain identifiers for items that belong to that domain
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| Uniform Resource Locator (URL) | unique address for a web page; includes protocol, domain name, and file directory path and document
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| web cookies | stored on browser with information that identifies you; sent to web page so that it will remember you
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| Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) | programming language used to create documents to be displayed on the Web
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| tags | markup codes
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| Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) | style definitions used in HTML
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| Java Applets | programs embedded into an HTML document; executed by the browser
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| Java Scriplets | small pieces of executable code intertwined with traditional HTML content that are executed by the computer hosting the web page
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| information security | the protection of data from being leaked
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| confidentiality | prevents your personal data from being leaked
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| Data integrity | makes sure only certain people/software have access to change data
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| malware | malicious software transferred to/executed on a computer
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| virus | inserts itself into existing programs to corrupt data
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| worms | autonomous program forwards itself to other computers
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| Trojan Horses | enters disguised as harmless program
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| spyware/sniffing software | collects info about computer activities and reports back to instigator
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| phishing | obtaining info from victim and pretending to be benign
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| Denial of Service (DoS) | overloads a computer with messages to distort activity; to hack a website
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| spoofing | a computer pretending to be another computing by faking its IP address
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| spam | unwanted junk email; not generally malicious
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| firewall | network software that blocks dangerous/inappropriate messages from going in or out
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| proxy server | limits access; software between client and server shielding the client from harmful actions of the server
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| antivirus software | software to detect and remove viruses and/or spyware
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| spam filter | firewall intended to block unwanted mail; learns to identify spam by user's reactions
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| passwords | controls access to network but not the data once it leaves the network
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| biometrics/smart cards | fingerprints; retina scans; cards with chips/stripes
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| encryption | coding and decoding messages so that if they are intercepted they cannot be interpreted
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| Symmetric Encryption | sender and receiver have to have same encryption code
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| public key encryption | public and private keys
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| digital certificates | used by HTTPS to ensure website downloading is actually a secure website
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| CAPTCHA | software to verify that a web form is submitted by a human not a machine
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| intellectual property | original work to which one has the rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright or trademark
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| copyright | the exclusive legal right to print, publish, sell etc. the expression of an idea and authorize others to do the same
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| patent | for inventions
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| trademark | for identifiers like company names and logos
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| World Intellectual Property Organization | an agency of the United Nations to promote and protect intellectual property
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| Digital Millenium Copyright Act (DMCA) | a 1998 US copyright law intended to protect the rights of both the copyright owners and consumers which as usually in conflict
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| Creatie Commons License | license that enables free distribution of copyrighted work; owner sets up rules for sharing of and building upon their work; can apply to any copyrighted material
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| Open Source Software | license for software that makes the source code available for others to study, change and distribute of any purpose; encourages a collaborative environment
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| Crowd Sourcing | getting input or information from a large number of people; paid or unpaid
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| Citizen Science | when professional scientists and people from the general public collaborate on specific studies
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| net neutrality | the principle that Internet service providers and governments regulating the Internet should treat all data on the Internet the same, not discriminating or charging differentially
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Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
catherine_alexander
Popular Computers sets