8 Hist Ch 13 BJU AR
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| "54* 40' or Fight" | Polk's campaign slogan referring to the Oregon Territory border
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| "Remember the Alamo" | battle cry that carried Sam Houston and his army to victory
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| Alamo | San Antonio's abandoned mission; later converted into a fort
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| annexation | the formal process of joining the Union
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| Battle of San Jacinto | battle during the Texan War for Independence that lasted for 20 minutes;
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| Bear Flag Revolution | raising of a flag with the grizzly bear over the town Square in Sonoma, California led by Fremont's men
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| Brigham Young | leader of the Mormons after Joseph Smith's death; called for a move to the Great Salt Lake
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| California gold rush | began with gold discovery in 1849 in California which attracted a rush of people from all over the country
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| California Trail | most popular trail to California; branched off the Oregon Trail
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| Compromise of 1850 | admitted California as a free state; gave Utah & New Mexico popular sovereignty; added Fugitive Slave Law; outlawed slave trade in DC
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| Doughfaces | group of Northern Democrats that were willing to compromise on the problems of the 1850s
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| forty-niners | people who went to California during the Gold Rush of 1849
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| Franklin Pierce | president of the Doughfaces; Doughface Democrat; won the election of 1852
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| Gadsden Purchase | purchased 5 years after the Mexican War that completed the territory of the lower forty-eight United States
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| James K. Polk | Democrat dark horse; most associated with Manifest Destiny
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| James W. Marshall | discovered gold at Sutter's Fort
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| Jedediah Smith | located the South Pass; famous mountain man known to preach to Indians and travelers
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| Jim Bowie | American leader killed while fighting at the Battle of the Alamo during the Texas War for Independence
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| John Charles Fremont | "the Pathfinder"; wanted to become a hero by taking California
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| John Sutter | owned a sawmill where gold was discovered; Swiss immigrant
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| Joseph Smith | developed the system of Mormon beliefs; original leader of the Mormons
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| Lone Star Republic | name given to Texas after it won independence from Mexico but had not yet joined the Union
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| Manifest Destiny | belief that God had intended the US to have all the western lands to the shores of the Pacific
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| Marcus Whitman | doctor who was a missionary in the West
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| methodist preachers | first people to seek permanent homes in Oregon
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| Mexican Cession | gave the US California, Nevada, Utah, parts of Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, & New Mexico in exchange for cancellation of debts
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| Mexican War | the war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.
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| Millard Fillmore | vice president of Zachary Taylor; Whig president after Zachary Taylor
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| mission | religious establishments placed around California by Spanish Catholics
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| Mormon | religious group that sought religious freedom; practiced polygamy; led by Joseph Smith
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| mountain men | men that lived in the Rockies, trapped furs, and made trails
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| Oregon Territory | Northwest claimed by Britain and the United States...boundary was agreed to be the 49th parallel
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| Oregon Trail | most important route for settlers & missionaries going west
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| popular sovereignty | people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.
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| Sam Houston | Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas
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| Santa Anna | Mexico's president during Mexican-American War; captured at the Battle of San Jacinto
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| Santa Fe Trail | first American route west of the Missouri River; *trail mostly used by traders than settlers*
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| Stephen Austin | American who settled in Texas, one of the leaders for Texan independence from Mexico
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| Stephen Douglas | pushed the compromise of 1850; spitted Clay's measures into 5 separate bills
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | treaty that ended the Mexican War
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| Wilmot Proviso | clause proposed to ban slavery in any territory taken from Mexico
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| Winfield Scott | "Old Fuss and Feathers"; commander of the Veracruz operation who took Mexico City
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| Zachary Taylor | hero of Buena Vista during the Mexican War; known as "Old Rough and Ready"
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