Chapter 12:An Age of Reform
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| social reform | organized attempts to improve conditions of life
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| predestination | the idea that God decided the fate of a person's soul
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| revival | huge outdoor religious meeting
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| temperance movement | an organized effort to end alcohol abuse and the problems created by it
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| prohibition | total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol
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| Dorothea Dix | Massachusetts schoolteacher who took up the cause of prison reform
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| public schools | free schools supported by taxes
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| Horace Mann | man from Massachusetts who took up educational reform
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| abolitionists | reformers who wanted to abolish (end) slavery
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| Fredrick Douglas | born into slavery, famous and powerful abolitionist speaker
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| Harriett Tubman | former slave who escorted more than 300 people to freedom via the secret Underground Railroad
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| women's suffrage | right of women to vote
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| women's rights movement | an organized effort to improve the political, legal, and economic status of women in American society
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| Seneca Falls Convention | gathering formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to discuss the social, civil, and religious rights of women
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| Transcendentalism | a movement that sought to explore the relationship between humans and nature through emotions rather than through reason; originated in the United States
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| Romanticism | artistic movement originating in Europe that emphasized placing greater value on nature, emotions, and imagination rather than reason
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| Ralph Waldo Emerson | leading transcendentalist and stressed individualism
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| individualism | the unique importance of each individual
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| Henry David Thoreau | transcendentalist who took up Emerson's challenge; spent 2 years in nature at Walden Pond; encouraged civil disobedience
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| civil disobedience | the idea that people should peacefully disobey unjust laws if their consciences demand it
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| Herman Melville | author of Moby-Dick
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| Nathaniel Hawthorne | author of The Scarlet Letter
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| Louisa May Alcott | author of Little Women
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| Underground Railroad | network of people who secretly helped slaves reach freedom
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