AP European Chapter 21 Vocabulary
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| Jean le Rond D’Alembert | coeditor of the Encyclopedie.
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| Assignats | Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
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| Bastille | Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
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| Bougeoisie | Comfortable members of the 3rd estate. Basically middle class, wanted the privileges of the nobility and upper clergy.
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| Revolutionary Calendar | Created by the National Convention, it established after the French Revolution -day one was the first day of the French Republic
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| Committee of Public Safety | Established and led by Robespierre, fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.
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| Conspiracy of Equals | Led by "Gracchus" Babeuf an attempt to renew violent rebellion after the Thermidore reaction,-communistic in nature.
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| Consulate | Form of government which followed the directory -established by Napoleon-ended when Napoleon was crowned emperor.
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| National Convention | The third estate of the Estates General -broke from the Estates because they wanted the Estates to sit as a committee and not as segregated groups.
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| Danton | Led the Mountains with Robespierre-also executed with Robespierre.
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| David | Napoleon’s painter-painted the famous portrait of Napoleon’s coronation.
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man | Written by the National Convention -declared all men could do anything as long as it did not harm others.
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| Directory | Group of five men who served as liaisons between Robespierre and the Assembly. Overthrown by Napoleon.
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| Encyclopedie | Collection of works compiled during the Enlightenment -explained many aspects of society.
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| Estates General | Not called since 1614-finally called by Louis XVI at the advice of his financial minister-demanded control over the King’s finances -he refused and dismissed them-sat as three segregated groups.
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| Gabelle | Tax on salt during pre-revolutionary France-included in the Estate’s list of grievances.
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| Girondists | One of the two halves of the divided National Convention. More moderate than the opposing Mountains, led by Robespierre, they represented the countryside.
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| Great Fear | Followed the storming of the Bastille-people were scared of outlaws and reprisals-fanned flames of rebellion.
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| Guillotine | Fast and relatively humane-used for mass executions.
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| Intendants | Created by Napoleon-kept watch over their own area of France -allowed Napoleon not to have to worry about petty problems. Two main functions: enforce royal orders and weaken the power of the regionl nobility.
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| Levee en Masse | Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army.
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| Louis XVI | King of France-executed for treason by the National Convention in 1793-absolute monarch-husband of Marie Antoinette.
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| Marie Antoinette | Louis XVI’s wife and sister of Leopold of Austria - executed.
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| Robespierre | A very radical Jacobin and member of the National Assembly-led the Mountains-began and led the Committee of Public Safety-began the Reign of Terror. He was executed in 1794 during the Thermidoean Reaction.
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| Sans-culottes | (without breeches) Petty laborers and laboring poor who were not part of the National Convention - wore pants, not knee breeches-became a major political group in revolutionary France.
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| Tennis Court Oaths | Taken by the National Assembly-stated that they would not disband until they had made a new constitution. Met here because they were unable to go to their meeting place.
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| First Estate | Clergy. Less than 1% of the population
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| Second Estate | Nobility. Roughly 2% of the population.
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| Third Estate | Artisans etc. Everyone not in the First or Second Estate.
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| Thermidorean Reaction | A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror. Robespierre was executed.
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| Ancien Regime | The old order before the Revolution in France
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| Regicide | The killing of the king
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| Versailles | Site of palace outside Paris. Women marched there to demand action from Louis XVI.
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| Mary Wollstonecraft | English feminist author who wrote Vindication of the Rights of Man and A Vindication of the Rights of Women.
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| Berlin Decree | 1806-issued by Napoleon, instituted the Continental System, in the response to British blockade of commercial ports under French control.
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| Joseph Bonaparte | Napoleon's brother, made king of Spain but unable to control the Spanish which led to the costly Peninsula War.
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| Confederation of the Rhine | League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
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| The Grand Army | Combined French armies under Napoleon. Virtually destroyed during Napoleon's ill-fated Russian campaign.
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| Louis XVIII | (1814-24) tried to issue a Constitutional Charter which accepted many revolutionary changes and guaranteed civil liberties
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| Napoleonic Code | Passed by Napoleon. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablihing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat.
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| Peninsula War | France was forced to invade Spain after the failure of Joseph Bonaparte. Very costly for Napoleon. The Duke of Wellington helped the Spanish.
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| Plebiscite | A vote of the people.
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| Rosetta Stone | Found by one of Napoleon's officers during the Egyptian campaign. Allowed people to decipher hieroglyphics.
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| Talleyrand | French representative at the Congress of Vienna and limited the demands of other countries upon the French.
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| Saint Helena | South Atlantic island. Napoleon's final home after the Battle of Waterloo.
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| Trafalgar | (October 1805) Britain's Admiral Nelson destroyed the combined French and Spanish navies. Nelson was killed but invasion of Britain now became impossible.
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| Metternich | Austrian foreign minister who basically controlled the Congress of Vienna. Wanted to promote peace, conservatism, and the repression of libaral nationalism throughout Europe.
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| Castlereagh | British representative at Congress of Vienna.
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| The Hundred Days | The time from Napoleon's return from exile on Elba to defeat at Waterloo.
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