AP European Chapter 18 Vocabulary
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| Aristotelian World View | Motionless earth was fixed at center of universe, God was beyond.
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| Francis Bacon | English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.
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| Tycho Brahe | Established himself as Europe's foremost astronomer of his day; detailed observations of new star of 1572.
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| Robert Boyle | Physicist, nothing can be known beyond all doubt.
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| Andrew Celsius | Invented measurement of temperature - Celsius.
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| Nicolaus Copernicus | Polish clergyman. Sun was the center of the universe; the planets went around it. On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres. Destroyed Aristotle's view of the universe - heliocentric theory.
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| Heliocentric Theory | Sun is the center of the universe. Coperican
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| Geocentric Theory | Earth is the center of the universe. Aristotelian.
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| Descartes | (1596-1650) French philosopher, discovered analytical geometry. Saw Algebra and Geometry have a direct relationship. Reduced everything to spiritual or physical.
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| Deductive Reasoning | Descartes, doubt everything and use deductive reasoning. Reasoning based on facts. Combined with empiricism to create scientific method.
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| Inductive Reasoning | Baconian empiricism. Based speculations on other situations.
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| Discourse on Methods | Descartes (1677) espoused deductive reasoning.
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| Empiricism | Bacon's theory of inductive reasoning.
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| Gabriel Fahrenheit | Developed measurement of temperature with freezing at 32 degrees.
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| Galileo Galilei | Created modern experimental method. Formulated the law of inertia. Tried for heresy and forced to recant. Saw Jupiter’s moons. Wrote Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
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| Gresham College | Located in England. Leading place for the advancement of science. First time scientists had a honored roll in society; center of scientific activity.
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| William Harvey | Englishman who announced blood circulates throughout the body.
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| Carl Linnaeus | System Nature- developed methods to classify and name plants and animals.
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| Natural Law | Universal law that could be understood by applying reason; letting people govern themselves.
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| Isaac Newton | English scientist. 3 Laws of motion. Mathematics Principal of Natural Philosophy (1687).
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| Ptolemy’s System | Last great ancient astronomer; there was a place for God. Complicated rules used to explain minor irregularities in the movement of the planets.
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| The Royal Society of London | Established by Charles II in 1662; purpose to help the sciences.
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| Discourses on the Origins of Inequalities | Rousseau, discuss the innocence of man and his corruption by society.
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| Voltaire | French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.
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| Deism | God built the Universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.
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| Enlightened despot | Enlightened ruler. Catherine the Great, Frederick the Great.
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| Humanitarianism | Promoting human welfare and social reform.
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| Second Treatise of Government | (1690) Written by Locke, Government created to protect life, liberty, and property.
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| Essay Concerning Human Understanding | (1690) Written by Locke, tabula rasa theory.
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| Rococo | Art style that focuses on pastels, ornate interiors, and sentmental portraits.
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| The Spirit of Laws | 1748) Montesquieu, about separation of powers.
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| The Social Contract | Rousseau, suggestions in reforming the political system and modeled after the Greek polis.
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| Candide | Voltaire, satirizing society and organized religion in Europe.
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| Montesquieu | French philosophe. Wrote The Spirit of Laws. Said "Power checks power". Separation of powers. Form of government varies according to climate.
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