Interest Groups
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| amicus curiae | "friend of the court" briefs that are sent to support the position of one side or the other
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| Citizens United v FEC | a case in which the Supreme Court ruled that corporations and other group have the right to raise unlimited campaign funds
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| direct lobbying | attempt by lobbyists to directly influence legislation through communication with someone who is formulating the laws
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| grasstops lobbying | when an interest group tries to inform, persuade and mobilize large groups of people
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| grasstops | business owners and lesser officials in a community
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| Honest Leadership and Open Government Act (2007) | law that bans all gifts to members of Congress or their staff from registered lobbyists
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| intergovernmental lobby | governments and their employees who have a keen interest in governmental rules and funding (police, firefighters, EMT's, National Governor's Association, etc)
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| K Street | street in Washington DC that hosts a number of interest group headquarters and lobbyists
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| leadership PACs | politicians and party driven organizations form committees to raise and distribute money to other candidates in return for their support
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| lobbyist | fostering a special interest group's goals to the lawmakers
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| material incentives | incentives interest groups offer to encourage membership such as travel discounts and items like bags or jackets
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| public interest groups | geared to improve life or government for the masses
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| purposive incentives | incentives that give a member some philosophical satisfaction. (the feeling of helping or being part of a worthy cause)
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| revolving door | when officials leave their government jobs to lobby
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| solidary incentives | incentives that allow people of like mind to gather on occasion
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| super PAC | independent political action committees that can raise unlimited funds from corporations, unions and individuals
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| think tanks | research institutions with specific goals
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| United States v Harriss (1954) | Supreme Court decision that states anyone and any group has the right to lobby
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| upper class bias | members of interest groups often make more money and have more education than the national average suggesting that membership is unbalanced
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| Wagner Act (1935) | National Labor Relations Act (1935) gave workers in interstate commerce the right to collectively bargain and organize labor unions
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