AA, Protein, Enzyme
Help!
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| Hydrolysis | use water to break apart
-cleave acid & heat (nonspecific) or protease (specific)
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| dehydration | form molecule & release water
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| hydrophobic | hate water
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| hydrophilic | like water
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| eicosanoids | -hormone, thromboxane, eukotrienes
functio: regulate blood pressure, body temp, smooth muscle contraction,
-transported via lipoprotein (VLDL,LDL,IDL,HDL) ↑ratio of lipid ↓protein density
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| Carbohydrate D vs L | D: hydroxyl group on 5-carbon in Fischer projection points to right
L: points to left
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| Carbohydrate Structure | Cn(H2O)n
-beta:alcohol UPWARD on anomeric carbon
alpha:alcohol DOWNWARD on anomeric carbon
anomeric carbon(C-1): C=OH
C-5 attacks C=O to form hexagon structure w/CH2OH at C-5 (glucose)
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| Carbohydrate | -store energy but not as much as lipids
-form polysaccharides via dehudration and monosaccharides via hydrolysis
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| Glycosidic linkages | linkages b/w sugars
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| ketose | sugar w/aldehyde as most oxidized group
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| aldose | sugar w/ketose as most oxidized group
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| epimer | carbohydrate differs at one chiral carbon
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| anomer | carbohydrate differs at anomeric carbon (C-1)
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| D-Fructose | CH2OH
│
C=O
│
HO-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH
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| D-glucose | H-C=O
│
H-C-OH
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH
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| D-galactose | H-C=O
│
H-C-OH
│
OH-C-H
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH
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| D-mannose | H-C=O
│
OH-C-H
│
OH-C-H
│
H-C-OH
│
H-C-OH
│
CH2OH
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| sucrose | glucose-α-1,2-fructose
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| lactose | galactose-ß-1,4-glucose
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| maltose | glucose-α-1,4-glucose
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| cellulose | plant cell wall fiber for humans
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| starch | energy storage for plants
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| glycogen | energy storage for animals
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| nucleotide | composed of a nitrogeneous base, a five carbon sugar (deoxy or RN) & a phosphate group
C2: H (DNA) or OH (RNA)
C1: place of attachment for A, T, U, G, C
C5: place of attachment for phosphate group
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| purine | guanine, adenine (two cyclic ring)
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| pyrimidine | cytosine, thymine, uracil (one cyclic ring)
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| how many H bonds b/w? | Guanine & cytosine 3H bonds
adenine & thymine/uracil 2H bonds
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| purines=pyrimidines | #A= #T = #U
#G = #C
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| 5'-3" direction | Top layer (parallel) 5"-3" direction
Bottom layer (antiparallel) 3'-5' direction
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| RNA | 1) carbon #2 -OH
2) Uracil instead of thymine
3) In cytoplasm & nucleus
4) single-stranded
5) mRNA (messneger)
rRNA ( ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer)
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| amino acid structure | H2N-CR-COOH
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| nonpolar aa | GAVLIFWMP
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| polar aa | STCYNQ
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| basic aa | DE
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| acidic aa | HRK
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| glycine | nonpolar
[Gly]
G
achiral
R=H
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| alanine | nonpolar
[Ala]
A
chiral
R=CH3
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| valine | nonpolar
[Val]
V
chiral
R=HC-(CH3)2
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| leucine | nonpolar
[Leu]
L
chiral
R=CH2-CH-(CH3)2
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| Isoleucine | nonpolar
[ILE]
I
chiral
R=H-C-(CH2CH3)(CH3)
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| phenylalanine | nonpolar
[Phe]
F
chiral
R= CH2-(Benzene)
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| tryptophan | nonpolar
[Trp]
W
chiral
R= CH2-(indole group)
*look at slide
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| methionine | nonpolar
[Met]
M
chiral
R= CH2-CH2-S-CH3
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| proline | nonpolar
[pro]
P
chiral
causes kinks since H bond can't form
HN-C-COOH
| |
\/
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