RIO Salado Marieb Flashcard, Quiz, Term Review
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| The main chemical activity of the stomach is to begin the digestion of proteins. | False
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| Food is contained in the gastrointestinal tract from the time of ingestion until it is completely digested and the waste is prepared for elimination. | True
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| The pharyngeal-esophageal phase of swallowing is involuntary and is controlled by the swallowing center in the thalamus and lower pons. | False
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| The function of the enzyme salivary amylase is to begin digesting proteins. | False
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| As food passes through the digestive tract, it becomes less complex and the nutrients more readily available to the body. | True
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| Acessory Organs | Tongue, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Teeth, Liver, Pancreas
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| Alimentary Canal | Esophagus, Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Mouth, Pharynx
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| Dentin anchors the tooth in place. | False
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| Cystic fibrosis may significantly impair the activity of the liver. | False
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| Another term for swallowing is deglutination. | True
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| Process by which the products of digestion pass through the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph | Absorption
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| The soft palate rises reflexively to open the nasopharynx when we swallow. | False
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| Wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube | Peristalsis
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| The first teeth are called deciduous teeth. | True
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| Chemical or mechanical process of breaking down foodstuffs into substances that can be absorbed | Digestion
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| Enzymatic breakdown of any food molecule | Hydrolysis
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| The plicae circularis and the intestinal villi are found in which of the four layers of the alimentary tube wall? | Mucosa
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| Hepatocytes do not: | Produce Digestive Enzymes
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| The solutes contained in the saliva include: | Electrolytes, digestive, enzyme, mucin, lysozyme, wastes, and IgA
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| The structure that produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine are the: | Intestinal Crypts
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| The capillaries that nurish the epithelium and absorb digested nutrients lie in the | Lamina Propia
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| Which of the following enzymes are specific for proteins? | Trypsin
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| Short-chain tryglycerides found in foods such as butterfat molecules in milk are split by a specific enzyme in preparation for absorption. Which of the following enzymes is responsible? | Lipase
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| Chief Cells? | are found in the basal regions of the gastric glands.
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| Pancreatic amylase does not get into the small intestine via the: | Cystic Duct
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| Parietal cells of the stomach produce: | HCL, Hydrochloric acid
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| The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is the ______ canal. | Alimentary
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| Structure that suspends the small intestine from the posterior body wall= | Mesentary
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| Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption= | Villi
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| large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine | Peyer's patches
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| Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa that extend completely or partially around the circumference of the small intestine= | Circular Folds
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| 2 regions that break down foodstuffs mechanically= | Oral Cavity and stomach
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| Mobile organ that manipulates food in the mouth and initiates swallowing= | Tongue
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| Conduit for both air and food= | Pharynx
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| Three structures continuous with and representing modifications of the peritoneum= | Greater Omentum, lesser omentum, and mesentery
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| The "gullet"; no digestive/absorptive function= | Esophagus
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| Folds of the gastric mucosa= | Rugae
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| Sacculations of the large intestine= | Haustra
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| Projections of the plasma membrane of a mucosal epithelial cell= | Microvilli
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| Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines= | ileocecal valve
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| Primary region of food and water absorption= | Small Intestine
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| Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth= | Frenulum
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| Absorbs water and forms feces= | Large Intestine
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| Area between the teeth and lips/cheeks= | Vestibule
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| Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum= | Appendix
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| Initiates protein digestion= | Stomach
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| Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach= | Lesser Omentum
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| Organ distal to the stomach= | Small Intestine
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| Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum= | Pyloric Valve
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| Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Soft Palate
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| Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass= | Small Intestine
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| Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum= | Pyloric Valve
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| Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Soft Palate
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| Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter through which pancreatic secretions and bile pass= | Small Intestine
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| Serous lining of the abdominal cavity wall= | Parietal Peritoneum
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| Principal site for the synthesis of vitamin K by microorganisms= | Large Intestine
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| Region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body= | Anus
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| Bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity= | Hard Palate
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| visible portion of the tooth in situ= | Clinical Crown
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| material covering the tooth root= | Cementum
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| hardest substance in the body= | Enamel
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| attaches the tooth to bone and surrounding alveolar structures= | peridontal ligament
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| portion of the tooth embedded in bone= | root
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| forms the major portion of tooth structure; similar to bone= | dentin
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| produces the dentin= | odontoblast
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| site of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics= | pulp
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| entire portion of the tooth covered with enamel= | anatomical crown
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| produce(s) mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine= | duodenal glands
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| produce(s) a product containing amylase that begins starch breakdown in the mouth= | salivary glands
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| produce(s) a whole spectrum of enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum= | pancreas
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| produce(s) bile that it secretes into the duodenum via the bile duct= | liver
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| produce(s) HCI and pepsinogen= | gastric glands
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| found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produce(s) intestinal juice= | intestinal crypts
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| Which of the salivary glands produces a secretion that is mainly serous? | parotid
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| Where would you expect to find the Kupffer cells of the liver? Lining the | Sinusoid Walls or Sinusoids
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| The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells-those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process? The ________ cells. | Acinar
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| In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is ___(1)___ ; the number of permanent teeth is ___(2)___. | In the human, the number of deciduous teeth is 20; the number of permanent teeth is 32.
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| Identify the subdivisions of the mucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | The subdivisions are the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa. The major functions are absorbtion and secretion.
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| Identify the subdivisions of the submucosa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | There are no subdivisions. The major functions are to provide a vascular supply for mucosa and protection.
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| Identify the subdivisions of the muscularis externa (if applicable). What are the major functions? | The subdivisions are the circular layer and the longitudinal layer. The functions are churning, mixing, and propulsion of food along the tract.
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| Identify the subdivisions of the serosa or adventitia (if applicable). What are the major functions? | There are no subdivisions. The functions are protection and anchoring for adventitia and reduction of friction for abdominal organs by serosa.
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| How is the muscularis externa of the stomach modified and how does this modification relate to the function of the stomach? | It has a third (obliquely oriented) muscle layer. Vigorous churning activity occurs here.
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| What transition in epithelium type exists at the gastroesophageal junction? How do the epithelia of these two organs relate to their specific functions? | Changes from stratified squamous (esophagus) to simple columnar (stomach).
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| Differentiate between the colon and the large intestine. | The large intestine includes the colon, but also includes the cecum, vermiform appendix, rectum, and anal canal.
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| The dental formula for permanent teeth is ([2,1,2,3]/[2,1,2,3]) x 2 = 32. Explain what this means and provide the dental formula for deciduous teeth. | There are two incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars in each jaw (upper and lower) from the medial line posteriorly.
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| What teeth are the "wisdom teeth"? | The number 3 (most posterior) molars.
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| What is the role of the gallbladder? | To store and concentrate bile made by the liver.
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| Name three structures always found in the portal triad regions of the liver? | Branch of the bile duct, branch of the hepatic artery, and branch of hepatic portal vein.
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| What is the function of Kupffer cells of the liver? | Phagocytosis of debris and worn-out blood cells.
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| Why is the liver so dark red in the living animal? | Because it is a blood reservoir.
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| increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product= | catalyst
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| provides a standard of comparison for test results= | control
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| biologic catalyst: protein in nature= | enzyme
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| substance on which a catalyst works= | substrate
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| Name the end products of digestion for proteins: | amino acids
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| Name the end products of digestion for carbohydrates: | simple sugars
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| Name the end products of digestion for fats: | fatty acids and glycerol and monoglycerides
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| List the three characteristics of enzymes. | Specificity (act on a small number of substrates), temperature specific, and pH specific.
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| The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean? | Hydrolases break down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds, thus cleaving the bonds between the subunits or monomers.
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| Why is bile not considered an enzyme? | Bile only physically separates the fat droplets. It does not break the molecular bonds as do the digestive enzymes.
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| What role does bile play in fat digestion? | Emulsification of fat by bile increases the surface area for lipase activity.
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| The three-dimensional structure of a functional protein is altered by intense hear or nonphysiological pH even though peptide bonds may not break. Such inactivation is called denaturation, and denatured enzymes are nonfunctional. Explain why. | Their three-dimensional structures and active sites are necessary for their activity. If their structures are changed, the active sites change, thus inactivating the enzyme.
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| Pancreatic and intestinal enzymes operate optimally at a pH that is slightly alkaline, yet the chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach is very acid. How is the proper pH for the functioning of the pancreatic-intestinal enzymes ensured? | The pancreas delivers its enzymes to the small intestine in an alkaline-rich fluid.
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| What conclusions can you draw when an experimental sample gives both a positive starch test and a positive maltose test? | Starch digestion is partial (incomplete).
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| Assume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 or 6 minutes. How would you expect its taste to change during this interval? Why? | The bread would begin to taste sweet because starch is broken down to glucose by amylase.
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| What is the mechanism of absorption for fatty acids and glycerol, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by diffusion and it results in their movement into some blood capillaries but mostly lymph capillaries.
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| What is the mechanism of absorption for Amino acids, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by active transport and results in their movement into the blood capillaries.
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| What is the mechanism of absorbtion of water, and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by osmosis (diffusion) and results in their movement into blood capillaries.
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| What is the mechanism of absorption for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+ and does the absorption result in movement of Blood, Lymph, or Both? | The mechanism is by active transport for sodium and calcium and by diffusion for chloride and all are moved into the blood capillaries.
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| People on a strict diet to lose weight begin to metabolize stored fats at an accelerated rate. How does this condition affect blood pH? | It would become acidic (decreased pH).
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