7th Grade History Facts
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| The First Amendment | states that “Congress shall make no law” restricting freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
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| The Second Amendment | guarantees the right of states to organize militias, or armies, and the right of individuals to bear arms.
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| The Third Amendment | forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes.
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| The Fourth Amendment | requires that warrants be issued if property is to be searched or seized (taken) by the government.
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| The Fifth Amendment | protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self-incrimination); bans double jeopardy, and guarantees that no person will suffer the loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
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| The Sixth Amendment | guarantees the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury; the right to a lawyer; the right to cross examine witnesses; and the right to force witnesses at a trial to testify.
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| The Seventh Amendment | guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil suits.
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| The Eighth Amendment | prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.
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| The Ninth Amendment | states that the people have rights other than those specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
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| The Tenth Amendment | states that powers not given to the federal government belong to the states.
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| The Thirteenth Amendment | abolished slavery.
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| The Fourteenth Amendment | guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States.
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| The Fifteenth Amendment | guarantees the right to vote to all citizens regardless of race.
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| The Great Compromise | Created two houses of Congress. One based on population, the other gave equal representation to each state.
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| The Magna Carta | signed in 1215 by King John, was the first document that limited power of the ruler.
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| The English Bill of Rights | protected the rights of English citizens and became the basis for the American Bill of Rights.
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| signed on July 4, 1776 | The Declaration of Independence
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| written in 1787 | The Constitution of the United States
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| Louisiana Territory | President Thomas Jefferson purchased it from France in 1803.
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| Primary Sources | the original records of an event. They include eyewitness reports, records created at the time of an event, speeches, and letters by people involved in the event, photographs and artifacts.
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| Secondary Sources | the later writings and interpretations of historians and writers. Often secondary sources, like textbooks and articles, provide summaries of information found in primary sources.
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| Civil Disobedience | the refusal to obey a government law or laws as a means of passive resistance because of one’s moral conviction or belief.
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| Mercantilism | an economic theory that a country’s strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country.
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| Representative Government | a system of government in which voters elect representatives to make laws for them.
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| Declaration of Independence | a document written by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies independence from England.
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| Republic | is a nation in which voters choose representatives to govern them.
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| Three Branches of Government | the Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and the Executive branch.
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| Checks and Balances | system set up by the Constitution in which each branch of the federal government has the power to check, or control, the actions of the other branches.
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| Federalism | the sharing of power between the states and the national government
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| Amend | to change.
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| A Democracy | a form of government that is run for and by the people, giving people the supreme power.
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| Ratify | to approve by vote.
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| Judicial Review | the right of the Supreme Court to judge laws passed by Congress and determine whether they are constitutional or not.
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| The Articles of Confederation | The first American constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the power of the Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions.
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| The Constitution of the United States | sets out the laws and principles of the government of the United States.
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| Bill of Rights | is the first ten amendments to the Constitution and detail the protection of individual liberties.
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| James Madison | is considered to be the “Father of the Constitution”.
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| Bicameral | is consisting of two houses, or chambers, especially in a legislature.
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| Suffrage | is the right to vote.
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| Unalienable rights | are rights that cannot be given up, taken away or transferred. Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness are some of those rights.
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| Popular Sovereignty | is the practice of allowing each territory to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery.
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| Tyranny | is a cruel and unjust government.
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| Thomas Jefferson | wrote the Declaration of Independence; became the 3rd President of the United States and purchased the Louisiana territory, doubling the size of the United States.
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | ended the Mexican War. The US gained Mexican Cession.
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| 1845 | Texas was annexed by the United States. This was one of the causes of war with Mexico.
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| Manifest Destiny | is the belief that the United States should own all of the land between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.
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| Fort Sumter, in South Carolina | The first shots of the Civil War were fired
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| 1861-1865 | The Civil War was fought
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| States’ Rights | is the theory that states had rights that the federal government could not violate and that states could nullify federal laws.
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| Abolitionist | was a person who wanted to end slavery in the United States.
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| Tariff | is a tax on goods brought into a country.
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| protective tariff | is a tax placed on goods from another country to protect the home industry.
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| Sectionalism | is a strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country.
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| Jefferson Davis | was the President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
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| Ulysses S. Grant | was the General of the Union Army and was responsible for winning the Civil War for the North.
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| Robert E. Lee | was the General of the Confederate Army
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| Abraham Lincoln | was the 16th President of the United States who successfully put the Union back together only to be assassinated 5 days after the Civil War ended.
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| Harriet Tubman | was an escaped slave who became a Conductor on the Underground Railroad and helped over 300 slaves to freedom in the North.
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| Dred Scott v. Sanford | was the Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens.
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| The Cotton Gin | was an invention by Eli Whitney that speeded the cleaning of cotton fibers and in effect, increased the need for slaves.
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| Harriet Beecher Stowe | helped fuel the abolitionist movement in 1852 by writing Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book shined a light on the horrors of slavery.
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| The Battle of Gettysburg | was the turning point in the Civil War for the North. Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invade the North again.
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| Gettysburg Address | was a short speech given by Abraham Lincoln to dedicate a cemetery for soldiers who died at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is considered to be a profound statement of American ideals.
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| Vicksburg, Mississippi | The capture by the North in 1863 effectively split the Confederacy in two and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union.
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| Appomattox Court House | is the small town in Virginia where Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Grant ending the Civil War.
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