Skeletal System
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| Aperture | opening or orifice in bone
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| Arch | prominent bridgelike bony structure
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| Articulation | area where the bones are joined to each other
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| Bones | mineralized structures of the body that protect internal soft tissues and serve as the biomechanical basis for movement
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| Canal | opening in bone that is long, narrow, and tubelike
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| Condyle | oval, bony prominence typically located at articulations
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| Cornu | small hornlike prominence
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| Crest | roughened border or ridge on the none surface
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| Eminence | tubercle or rounded elevation on a bony surface
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| Fissure | opening in bone that is narrow and cleflike
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| Foramen/Foramina | short, windowlike opening in bone
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| Head | rounded surface projecting from a bone by a neck
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| Incisura | indentation or notch at the edge of the bone
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| Joint | site of a junction or union between two or more bones
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| Line | straight, small ridge of bone
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| Meatus | opening or canal in the bone
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| Ostium/ostia | small opening in bone
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| Perforation | abnormal hole in a hollow organ, such as in the wall of a sinus
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| Plate | flat structure of bone
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| Primary sinusitis | inflammation of the sinus
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| Process | general term for any prominence on a bony surface
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| Secondary sinusitis | inflammation of the sinus related to another source
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| Spine | abrupt, small prominence of bone
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| Sulcus/sulci | shallow depression or groove such as that on the bony surface
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| Suture | generally immovable articulation in which bones are joined by fibrous tissue
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| Tubercle | eminence or small, rounded elevation on the bony surface
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| Tuberosity | large, often rough prominence on the surface of bone
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| The skull consists of _____ bones | 22, not including the small bones of the middle ear
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| What structure is most flexible in infants | sutures
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| Cranium | structure that is formed by the cranial skull bones and includes the occipital, frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones. It is the portion housing the brain
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| All skull bones are immovable except for which one | the temporomandibular joint
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| What consists of the braincase | the cranium and face
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| What four cranial bones are visible when viewed from above | the frontal, both parietals, and occipital bones
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| Coronal Suture | the suture between the frontal and parietal bones
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| Sagittal Suture | the suture between the paired parietal bones
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| Lambdoidal Suture | the suture between the occipital bone and both parietal bones that forms the inverted "V"
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| Which bones are visible from the anterior (front) view | the frontal, ethmoid, vomer, sphenoid and the mandible bones
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| Orbit | eye cavity, which contains and protects the eyeballs
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| Orbital Walls | walls of the orbit composed of portions of the frontal, ethmoid lacrimal, maxillary, zygomatic and sphenoid bones
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| Orbital Apex | deepest portion of the orbit composed of portions of the sphenoid and palatine bones
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| Optic Canal | canal in the orbital apex between the roots of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone
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| What nerve and artery pass through the optic canal to reach the eyeball | the second cranial nerve/optic nerve and the ophthalmic artery
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| Superior Orbital Fissure | fissure between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone that transmits structures from the cranial cavity to the orbit
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| Inferior Orbital Fissure | fissure between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and maxilla that carries the infraorbital and zygomatic nerves, as well as the infraorbital artery and inferior ophthalmic vein
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| What does the inferior orbital fissure connect the orbit with | the infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae
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| Nasal Cavity | cavity of the nose
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| Piriform Aperture | anterior opening of the nasal cavity
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| Which bones form the nasal cavity | the paired nasal bones
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| Which bones form the lateral boundaries of the nasal cavity | the maxillae
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| Nasal Conchae | projecting structures that extend inward from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity
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| Which bone forms the superior and middle nasal conchae | the ethmoid bone
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| Nasal Meatus | groove beneath each nasal concha that contains openings for communication with the paranasal sinuses or nasolacrimal duct
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| Nasal Septum | vertical partition of the nasal cavity
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| Anteriorly, what structures form the nasal septum | the nasal septal cartilage and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
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| Which bone forms the posterior portions of the nasal septum | the vomer
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| Temporal Lines | two separate parallel ridges, superior and inferior, on the lateral surface of the skull
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| Coronal Suture | suture between the frontal and parietal bones
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| Squamosal Suture | suture between the temporal and parietal bones
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| Temporal Fossa | fossa on the lateral surface of the skull that contains the body of the temporalis muscle
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| Infratemporal Fossa | fossa inferior to the temporal fossa and infratemporal crest on the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
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| Pterygopalatine Fossa | fossa deep to the infratemporal fossa and between the pterygoid process and maxillary tuberosity
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| Zygomatic Arch | arch formed by the union of the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of the temporal bone
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| Temporozygomatic suture | suture between the temporal and zygomatic bones
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| Temporomandibular joint | articulation between the temporal bone and mandible that allows for movement of the mandible
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| The hard palate if formed by which structures | the two palatine processes of the maxillae and the two horizontal plates of the palatine bones
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| Median Palatine Suture | a midline articulation between the two palatine processes of the maxillae and between the horizontal plates of the palatine bones
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| Transverse Palatine Suture | an articulation between the two palatine processes of the maxiallae and the two horizontal plates of the palatine bones
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| Posterior Nasal Apertures | posterior openings of the nasal cavity
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| Ptergoid Canal | small canal at the superior border of each posterior nasal aperture
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| Ptergopalatine Fossa | fossa deep to the infratemporal fossa and between the ptergoid process and maxillary tuberosity
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| Ptergoid process | portion of the sphenoid bone that forms the lateral borders of the posterior nasal apertures
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| Medial Ptergoid plate | portion of the ptergoid process
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| Lateral Ptergoid Plate | portion of the ptergoid process
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| Ptergoid fossa | fossa between the medial and lateral pterygoid plates of the sphenoid bone
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| Hamulus | process of the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
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| Foramen Ovale | foramen in the sphenoid bone for the mandibular division of the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve
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| Foramen Spinosum | foramen in the sphenoid bone for the middle meningeal artery
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| Spine of the sphenoid bone | spine located at the posterior extremity of the sphenoid bone
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| Foramen Lacerum | foramen among the sphenoid, occipital, and temporal bones that is filled with cartilage
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| Carotid Canal | canal in the temporal bone that carries the internal carotid artery
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| Styloid Process | bony projection of the temporal bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and ligaments
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| Stylomastoid foramen | foramen in the temporal bone that carries the facial or seventh cranial nerve
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| Jugular Foramen | foramen between the occipital and temporal bones that carries the internal jugular vein and ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves
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| Foramen Magnum | foramen in the occipital bone that carries the spinal cord, vertebral arteries, and eleventh cranial nerve
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| cribriform plate | horizontal plate of the ethmoid bone that is perforated with foramina for the olfactory nerves
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| foramen rotundum | foramen in the sphenoid bone that carries the trigeminal or fifth cranial nerve
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| hypoglossal canal | canal in the occipital bone that carries the twelfth cranial nerve
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| internal acoustic meatus | bony meatus in the temporal bone that carries the seventh and eighth cranial nerves
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| List the cranial bones | occipital, frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, paired parietal, and temporal bones
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| Occipital Condyles | projections of the occipital bone that articulate with lateral masses of the first cervical vertebra
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| Basilar Portion | a four-sided plate anterior to the foramen magnum
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| Pharyngeal Tubercle | a midline projection on the stout basilar portion
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| Jugular Notch of the Occipital Bone | occipital or medial portion of the jugular foramen
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| Frontal Sinuses | paired paranasal sinuses located internally in the frontal bone
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| Supraorbital Ridges | ridge on the frontal bone located over the superior portion of the orbit
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| Supraorbital Notch | notch on the frontal bone located on the medial portion of the supraorbital ridge and is where the supraorbital artery and nerve travel from the orbit to the forehead
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| Zygomatic Process of the Frontal Bone | process lateral to the orbit
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| Lacrimal Fossa | fossa of the frontal bone that contains the lacrimal gland, located just inside the lateral portion of the supraorbital ridge.
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| Temporal Bones | paired cranial bones that form the lateral walls of the skull
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| Squamous Portion of the Temporal Bone | portion that forms the braincase and portions of the zygomatic arch and temporomandibular joint
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| Tympanic Portion of the Temporal Bone | portion that forms most of the external acoustic meatus
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| Petrous Portion of the Temporal Bone | inferior portion of the bone that contains the mastoid process and air cells
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| What are the three portions of the Temporal Bone | Squamous, Tympanic and Petrous
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| What landmarks are located within the Squamous portion of the Temporal Bone | the articular fossa, articular eminence, and postglenoid process
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| What landmarks are located within the tympanic portion of the temporal bone | external acoustic meatus, and petrotympanic fissure
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| What landmarks are located within the petrous portion of the temporal bone | mastoid process, mastoid air cells, mastoid notch, styloid process, stylomastoid foramen, carotid canal, and jugular notch of the temporal bone
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| petrotympanic fissure | fissure between the tympanic and petrosal portions of the temporal bone, just posterior to the articular fossa, through which the chorda tympani nerve emerges
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| mastoid process | area on the petrous portion of the temporal bone that contains the air cells and on which the cervical muscles attach
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| mastoid air cells | air spaces in the mastoid process of the temporal bone that communicate with the middle ear cavity
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| mastoid notch | notch on the mastoid process of the temporal bone
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| styloid process | bony projection of the temporal bone that serves as an attachment for muscles and ligaments
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| stylomastoid foramen | foramen in the temporal bone that carries the facial or seventh nerve
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| carotid canal | canal in the temporal bone that carries the internal carotid artery
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| jugular notch of the temporal bone | temporal or lateral portion of the jugular foramen
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| Body of the Sphenoid Bone | middle portion of the bone containing the sphenoidal sinuses
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| Sphenoidal Sinuses | paired sinuses located in the body of the sphenoid bone
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| Lesser Wing of the Sphenoid Bone | anterior process of the body of the sphenoid bone
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| Greater Wing of the Sphenoid Bone | posterolateral process of the body of the sphenoid bone
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| Spine of the Sphenoid Bone | spine located at the posterior extremity of the sphenoid bone
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| Infratemporal Crest | crest that divides each greater wing of the sphenoid bone into temporal and infratemporal surfaces
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| Perpendicular Plate | midline vertical plate of the ethmoid bone
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| Ethmoidal Sinuses | paired paranasal sinuses located in the ethmoid bone, which are also called ethmoid air cells
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| Crista Galli | vertical midline continuation of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone into the cranial cavity
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| Orbital Plate of the Ethmoid Bone | plate that forms most of the medial orbital wall
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| Nasolacrimal Duct | duct formed at the junction of the lacrimal and maxillary bones that drains the lacrimal fluid or tears
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| Frontal Process of the Zygomatic Bone | process that forms a portion of the orbital wall
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| Temporal Process of the Zygomatic Bone | process that forms a portion of the zygomatic arch
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| Maxillary Process of the Zygomatic Bone | process that forms a portion of the infraorbital rim and orbital wall
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| Infraorbital Rim | inferior rim of the orbit
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| Horizontal Plates of the Palatine Bones | plates that form the posterior portion of the hard palate
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| Vertical Plates of the Palatine Bones | plates that form a portion of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and orbital apex
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| Greater Palatine Foramen | foramen in the palatine bone that carries the greater palatine nerve and blood vessels
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| Lesser Palatine Foramen | foramen in the palatine bone that transmits the lesser palatine nerve and blood vessels
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| Maxillae | upper jaw that consists of two maxillary bones
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| Body of the Maxilla | portion of the maxilla that contains the maxillary sinus
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| Maxillary Sinuses | paranasal sinuses in each body of the maxilla
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| Frontal Process of the Maxilla | process that forms a portion of the orbital rim
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| Inferior Orbital Fissure | fissure between the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and maxilla that carries the ingraorbital and zygomatic nerves, as well as the infraorbital artery and inferior ophthalmic vein
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| Infraorbital Sulcus | groove in the floor of the orbital surface
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| Infraorbital Canal | canal off the infraorbital sulcus that terminates on the surface of the maxilla as the infraorbital foramen
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| Infraorbital Foramen | foramen of the maxilla that transmits the infraorbital nerve and blood vessels
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| Zygomatic Process of the Maxilla | process that forms a portion of the infraorbital rim
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| Palatine Process of the Maxilla | paired processes that articulate with each other and form the anterior portion of the hard palate
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| Incisive Foramen | foramen in the maxilla that carries branches of the right and left nasopalatine nerves and blood vessels and is marked by the incisive papilla
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| Incisive Papilla | bulge of tissue on the hard palate over the incisive foramen
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| Maxillary Tuberosity | elevation on the posterior aspect of the maxilla that is perforated by the posterior superior alveolar foramina
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| Posterior Superior Alveolar Foramina | foramina on the maxillary tuberosity that carry the posterior superior alveolar nerve and blood vessels
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| Mental Protuberance | mandibular bony prominence of the chin
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| Symphysis | midline articulation where bones are joined by fibrocartilage such as the midline ridge on the mandible that fuses together in early childhood
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| Mental Foramen | foramen between the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars that transmits the mental nerve and blood vessels
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| Body of the Mandible | horizontal portion of the mandible
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| Ramus | plate of the mandible that extends superiorly from the body of the mandible
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| Coronoid Process | anterior superior projection of the ramus of the mandible
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| Coronoid Notch | notch in the anterior border of the ramus
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| External Oblique Line | crest on the lateral side of the mandible, where the ramus joins the body
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| Angle of the Mandible | angle at the intersection of the posterior and inferior borders of the ramus
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| Condyle of the Mandible | projection of bone from the ramus of the mandible that participates in the temporomandibular joint
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| Articulating Surface of the Condyle | portion of the head of the condyle that articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint
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| Mandibular Notch | notch located on the mandible between the condyle and coronoid porcess
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| Genial Tubercles | midline bony projections or the mental spines on the inner aspect of the mandible
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| Retromolar Triangle | portion of the mandibular alveolar process just posterior to the most distal mandibular molar that is covered by the retomolar pad
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| Mylohyoid Line | line on the inner aspect of the mandible
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| Sublingual Fossa | fossa on the medial surface of the mandible, above the mylohyoid line, that contains the sublingual salivary gland
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| Submandibular Fossa | fossa on the medial surface of the mandible, below the mylohyoid line, that contains the submandibular salivary gland
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| Mandibular Foramen | foramen of the mandible that allows the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels to exit or enter the mandibular canal
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| Mandibular Canal | canal in the mandible where the inferior alveolar nerve and blood vessels travel
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| Lingula | bony spine overhanging the mandibular foramen
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| Mylohyoid Groove | groove on the mandible where the mylohyoid nerve and blood vessels travel
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| Articulating Surface of the condyle | portion of the head of the condyle that articulates with the temporal bone at the temporomandibular joint
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| Ptergoid Fovea | depression on the anterior surface of the condyle of the mandible
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| Paranasal Sinuses | paired, filled cavities in bone that include the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoidal, and maxillary sinuses
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| Paranasal Sinusitis | a condition in which the mucous membranes of the sinuses can become inflamed and congested with mucus
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| Secondary Sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses from another source, such as an infection of the adjacent teeth
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| Frontonasal Duct | a constricted canal that allows each frontal sinus to communicate with and drain into the nasal cavity to the middle nasal meatus
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| Cervical Vertebrae | vertebrae in the vertebral column between the skull and thoracic vertebrae
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| Vertical Foramen | central foramen in the vertebrae for the spinal cord and associated tissues
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| Transverse Foramen | foramen on the transverse processes of each cervical vertebra that carries the vertebral artery
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| Transverse Process | lateral projections of the cervical vertebrae
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| Atlas | first cervical vertebra, which articulates with the occipital bone
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| Lateral Masses | lateral portions of the first cervical vertebra where it articulates with the occipital bone above and the axis below
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| Anterior Arch | arch of the atlas or first cervical vertebra
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| Posterior Arch | arch on the first cervical vertebra
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| Superior Articular Processes | processes from a vertebra that allow articulation with the vertebra above
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| Inferior Articular Processes | processes of the first and second cervical vertebrae that allow articulation with the vertebrae below
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| Axis | second cervical vertebra, which articulates with the first and third cervical vertebrae
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| Dens | odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra
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| Hyoid Bone | bone suspended in the neck that allows the attachment of many muscles
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| Body of the Hyoid Bone | anterior midline portion of the hyoid bone
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| Greater Cornu | pair of projections from the sides of the body of the hyoid bone
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| Lesser Cornu | pair of projections of the hyoid bone
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