cards
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| stimulus | anything that causes a response
🗑
|
||||
| what does a bell-shaped curve represent? | developing countries
🗑
|
||||
| evolve | change over a long period of time
🗑
|
||||
| living things | show organization
🗑
|
||||
| magnification | increase of an objects apparent size
🗑
|
||||
| power of magnification | in a microscope, the factor of enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| sexual reproduction | the production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms
🗑
|
||||
| carbon cycle | co2 is processed and cycled
🗑
|
||||
| permafrost | permanately frozen layer of soil underneath surface
🗑
|
||||
| what is homeostasis? | which the body maintains internal functions
🗑
|
||||
| specialists | species containing narrow niches
🗑
|
||||
| mass extinction | sharp decrease of number of species in short time period
🗑
|
||||
| biomass | organic material in ecosystem
🗑
|
||||
| community | all the interacting organisms living in an area
🗑
|
||||
| what does an ecosystem include? | all non-living (physical/chemical) aspects influencing organisms
🗑
|
||||
| main acid produced in atmosphere causing acid rain? | h2so4
🗑
|
||||
| what does a tolerance curve show about an organism? | shows organisms comfort zone, how it adapts
🗑
|
||||
| how have animals been eliminated? | habitat destruction, overhunting, and new diseases/predatorsmass extinctions
🗑
|
||||
| how does competition result from? | use of same limited resource from two or more species
🗑
|
||||
| secondary compounds | synthesize chemicals from metabolism productspoisonous, irritating, and bad tasting
🗑
|
||||
| what is a consequence of species-area effect? | reducing habitat size, reduces speices size
🗑
|
||||
| what is matter? | takes up space while having mass
🗑
|
||||
| catabolism | breaking down of chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| base unit | one of seven fundamental units of SI measurement that describes length, mass, time, and other quantities
🗑
|
||||
| how does growth occur? | cell division and enlargement
🗑
|
||||
| gene | a segment of DNA that contains coding for a polypeptide or protein, a unit of heredity information
🗑
|
||||
| natural selection | the process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates than those without such variations
🗑
|
||||
| cells are | smallest unit of organism carrying out functions of life
🗑
|
||||
| name three types of plastids | 1. choroplasts2. leucoplasts3. chromoplasts
🗑
|
||||
| what enzyme may digest proteins, carbs, lipids, dna, and rna? | lysosomes
🗑
|
||||
| what is a trophic level? | a feeding level
🗑
|
||||
| survivorship curve | graph of species mortality-rate data
🗑
|
||||
| what does a predators survival depend on | ability to capture food
🗑
|
||||
| microfilaments are made up of what? | actin protein
🗑
|
||||
| how does growth occur? | adaptation and evolution
🗑
|
||||
| what directs all cellular activities? | nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| what is competitive exclusion? | 1 species eliminated from community by competition for the same resource1 species used the resource more effictivelyreproductive advantage
🗑
|
||||
| where is the cell wall located? | cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| photosynthesis | the conversino of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds
🗑
|
||||
| what is a gene? | section of dna molecule that contains a protein
🗑
|
||||
| biosphere | the thin volume of Earth and its atomosphere supporting life; broadest level of organization
🗑
|
||||
| what is a plant cell wall made up of? | cellulose
🗑
|
||||
| what do lysosomes help break down? | food molecules
🗑
|
||||
| density-independent factor | reduce population in small proportions regardless of population size
🗑
|
||||
| what is dissolved oxygen? | oxygen is dissolved in water in environment
🗑
|
||||
| conformer | organisms that don't regulate their internal conditions; change as external environment changes
🗑
|
||||
| this processes materials/ oves them around cell | endoplasmic reticulum
🗑
|
||||
| age structure | distribution of animals from different ages
🗑
|
||||
| what type of charge does a neutron have | neutral
🗑
|
||||
| unicellular | made up of only one cell
🗑
|
||||
| multicellular | organism made up of more than one cell
🗑
|
||||
| what is biology? | study of life
🗑
|
||||
| pioneer species | species predominating early in succession
🗑
|
||||
| all organisms are made up of how many cells? | one or more
🗑
|
||||
| are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane? | no
🗑
|
||||
| three characteristics of a population | 1. size2. density3. dispersion
🗑
|
||||
| emigration | movement of an organism out of a population
🗑
|
||||
| carrying capacity | the number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time
🗑
|
||||
| species diversity | number of speices in a community in relation to relative abundance of each species
🗑
|
||||
| small holes in the nuclear envelope | nuclear pores
🗑
|
||||
| mimicry | species resembles a poisonous/distasteful species
🗑
|
||||
| osmosis | when water molecules diffuse across cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
🗑
|
||||
| what type of cell has a cell wall? | plant
🗑
|
||||
| what does the rough er do to its proteins? | folds them
🗑
|
||||
| living things display what? | organization
🗑
|
||||
| 2 ways the population size may be calculated | 1. count number of individuals2. estimate individual number
🗑
|
||||
| dispersion patterns | how organisms distribute themselves in a population
🗑
|
||||
| emigration | movement of individuals out of a population
🗑
|
||||
| objective lens | poisitioned directly above the specimen; enlarges specimens image
🗑
|
||||
| why is the thinning of the ozone layer | 1% of UV radiation unto surfacecauses sunburns and skin cancer
🗑
|
||||
| exponential growth | model of population growth whereas birth and death rates are constant
🗑
|
||||
| size of populations | b-d+i-e
🗑
|
||||
| food chain | feeding relationships among organisms resulting in energy transfer
🗑
|
||||
| catabolism | breaking down of chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| name 6 environmental problems | 1. acid rain2. air/water pollution3. global warming4. greenhouse effect5. mass extinction6. rising human populations
🗑
|
||||
| what does a species niche involve? | range of conditions in tolerance rangemethods in which organism obtains resourcesnumber of offspring/environmental interaction
🗑
|
||||
| why do scientists generally use models? | have predictions about future behavoirs/observations from worldplan/evaluate solutions
🗑
|
||||
| condition caused by overabundance of gases in atmosphere, keeping heat energy | global climate change
🗑
|
||||
| realized niche | range of resources a species actually uses
🗑
|
||||
| what type of environment do plants live in ? | hypotonic
🗑
|
||||
| abiotic | non-living
🗑
|
||||
| what is a variable? | any factor that changes an outcome
🗑
|
||||
| isotonic | when concentration of solutes in/out of cell are equal
🗑
|
||||
| 1st property of facilitated diffusion | help substance move into/out of celldepends on concentration gradient
🗑
|
||||
| 7 is what on a ph scale? | neutral
🗑
|
||||
| what type of charge does an electron have | negative
🗑
|
||||
| what type of charge does a proton have? | positive
🗑
|
||||
| cell | smallest capable unit of life functions
🗑
|
||||
| growth rate | number per unit time
🗑
|
||||
| hypertonic | concentration of solute molecules is higher than concentration of solute
🗑
|
||||
| population | 2 or more members of a species in an area per unit time
🗑
|
||||
| dormancy | reducing activity during environmental conditions
🗑
|
||||
| niche | species way of life; role a species plays in its environment
🗑
|
||||
| 2 problems encountered as exponential increase in humans | sixth mass extinctionglobal warming
🗑
|
||||
| what is an organisms habitat? | where an organism lives
🗑
|
||||
| biotic factor | the living components of the environment
🗑
|
||||
| life science is the study of what? | living things
🗑
|
||||
| ecology | study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and each other
🗑
|
||||
| what is the atomic mass? | number of protons and the number of neutrons
🗑
|
||||
| what are the two growth curves? | logistical and exponential
🗑
|
||||
| what is dispersion? | the spatial distribution of individuals within a population
🗑
|
||||
| heterotroph | an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other oragnisms or their by-product
🗑
|
||||
| mating with relatives | inbreeding
🗑
|
||||
| i = | immigration
🗑
|
||||
| dormancy | enter a state of reduced activity during long periods of bad conditions
🗑
|
||||
| chromosome | coiled up chromatin, densly packed
🗑
|
||||
| cell wall | tough, rigid covering; giving cell its shape
🗑
|
||||
| decomposer | break down complex molecules to dead tissues into noncomplex molecules
🗑
|
||||
| what is mutualism? | both species benefitsome species cannot survive without the other
🗑
|
||||
| regulates interactions between cell and its environment | cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| nuclear envelope | double envelope surrounding nucleous
🗑
|
||||
| anabolism | building up of chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| deaths | d
🗑
|
||||
| dispersion | spatial distribution of individuals within a population
🗑
|
||||
| the ozone layer in the atmosphere is diminishing most over | antarctica
🗑
|
||||
| why do organisms require energy? | maintains molecular and cellular organization
🗑
|
||||
| competition | 1 organism vies for the basic resources for other organisms
🗑
|
||||
| in a one-celled organism growth is due to the cells increase in | size
🗑
|
||||
| protects a cell and gives it its shape | cell wall
🗑
|
||||
| what must be lost for water temperature? | heat
🗑
|
||||
| name the three states of matter | solid, liquid, gas
🗑
|
||||
| density | amount of stuff per unit area
🗑
|
||||
| where is the cytoskeleton located? | cytosol
🗑
|
||||
| ecology | the study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and each other
🗑
|
||||
| this stores fluid filled organelles storing enzymes, metabolic wastes | vacuoles
🗑
|
||||
| what chemicals are destroying the ozone? | chloroflurocarbons cfc'sindusturial chemicals
🗑
|
||||
| main gas contributing to global climate change? | co2
🗑
|
||||
| what is biomass? | amount of organic material in an area
🗑
|
||||
| urn-shaped graph represents | stable countries
🗑
|
||||
| living things do these two things? | grow and reproduce
🗑
|
||||
| data | include any and all information that scientists gather in trying to answer their questions
🗑
|
||||
| evolution by natural selection | driven by competiion amoung individualsdifferences in species = reproduction differs
🗑
|
||||
| model | an explanation supported by datamay be visual,verbal,mathematical may help generate new predictions
🗑
|
||||
| multicellular organism | a living thing that consits of more than one cell
🗑
|
||||
| homeostasis | the stable internal conditions of a living thing
🗑
|
||||
| biogeochemical cycle | 3 main cycles moving the environment from the atomosphere
🗑
|
||||
| autotroph | organisms that trap and use energy from the sun
🗑
|
||||
| species | group of same type of organism that can mate producing fertile offspring
🗑
|
||||
| conformers | don't regulate internal conditionschange as environment does
🗑
|
||||
| contractile vacuole | organelles removing excess water pumping water out of the cellcells expand energy
🗑
|
||||
| turgor pressure | pressure water molecules exert aganist cell wall
🗑
|
||||
| regulator | organisms using energy to control some of their internal conditions
🗑
|
||||
| how have humans affected atomospheres condition? | humans burn fossil fuels burned providing energy producing co2
🗑
|
||||
| why has environmental knowledge been important to humans back then and today? | humans understand how to survive/suvival of specieshumans change earth rapidly/global scale
🗑
|
||||
| secondary gas contributing to global climate change? | so2
🗑
|
||||
| how many mass extincitons are there | 6
🗑
|
||||
| character displacement | natural selection= potential competitors when range overlaps
🗑
|
||||
| what does predation influence? | where and how a species lives
🗑
|
||||
| 2nd property of facilitated diffusion | carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion each specific for molecule type
🗑
|
||||
| what is photosynthesis? | autotrophs trap light energy and tuck into food molecule for storage
🗑
|
||||
| most ribosomes are made where? | nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| autotrophs | make own foodmay use chemical processes
🗑
|
||||
| sampling | the techmnique of using a sample, a small part, to represent an entire population
🗑
|
||||
| asexual reproduction | the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes
🗑
|
||||
| ecology | the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
🗑
|
||||
| what do prokaryotic cells lack? | membrane-bound structure
🗑
|
||||
| waht does the mitochondria break down? | glucose
🗑
|
||||
| what are the inner membranes of the mitochondria called? | cristae
🗑
|
||||
| what does the law of conservation of matter and energy state? | energy cannot be created or destroyedenergy may change forms
🗑
|
||||
| differenc between environmental and fundamental niche | fundamental is the range of resources a species may toleraterealized is the range of resources a species actually uses
🗑
|
||||
| one species is harmed while the other benefits | parasitism
🗑
|
||||
| gradual regrowth of species in an area | succession
🗑
|
||||
| unit for population density | number of individuals per unit area or volume
🗑
|
||||
| use light energy to make a sugar | chloroplast
🗑
|
||||
| how do scientists calculate species diversity? | measure/estimate population size of all species in a community
🗑
|
||||
| organism feeding on other organism | parasite
🗑
|
||||
| proteins are needed for | chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| inference | a conclusion based on the basis of factors or premises rather than on direct observations
🗑
|
||||
| ecosystem | all the organisms and non-living environment and each other
🗑
|
||||
| burning of fossil fuels causes | pollution
🗑
|
||||
| what type of change is the melting of lead | chemical
🗑
|
||||
| stimuli belongs to what | living things
🗑
|
||||
| ion channels | provide small passegways across cell membranes in which ions diffuse
🗑
|
||||
| equilibrium | concentration of molecules in substance sam throughout a space
🗑
|
||||
| carrier proteins | proteins assissting in molecule movement across cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| fundamental niche | range species may tolerate
🗑
|
||||
| what is the main cause of global climate change? | rising of temperatures
🗑
|
||||
| what are the 3 main parts of a seed? | cotlyedon, embryo, seed coating
🗑
|
||||
| interconnnectedness | organisms adapt with their environment
🗑
|
||||
| where are ribosomes synthesized/assembled in nuclear pores | nucleolous
🗑
|
||||
| what is respiration | breaking down food molecule releasing energy
🗑
|
||||
| what do most cell life processes occur | cytoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| species | group of same type organism that can mate producing fertile offspring
🗑
|
||||
| ectoparasites | live on host, do not enter the hosts body
🗑
|
||||
| chemosynthesis | produce carbohydrates using energy from inorganic substances
🗑
|
||||
| homologous chromosomes | 2 copies of autosomesame sizesame shapegenes for same trait
🗑
|
||||
| autosomes | 44 chromosomes in humanall other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| sex chromosomes | determine organisms sex carry genes for other characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| how many chromosomes do humans have? | 46 chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| why does dna uncoil between cell divisions | can be readinfo may be used to direct activities of cell
🗑
|
||||
| centromere | middle of dividing chromosomesholds chromosomes together until cell division
🗑
|
||||
| chromatid | half of a chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| what are nonhistones? | control activity of specific regions of dna
🗑
|
||||
| how do histones help dna? | maintain chromosomes shapeaid in tight packing of dna molecules
🗑
|
||||
| what are histones? | dna in eukaryotic cells wrap around proteins
🗑
|
||||
| what are chromosomes? | rod-shaped structures made of dna and proteins
🗑
|
||||
| what is meiosis? | nuclear division reducing chromosme number in new cells to half the number in normal cells
🗑
|
||||
| what is synapsis? | pairing of homologous chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| does synapsis occur in mitosis? | no
🗑
|
||||
| what is synapsis called? | tetrad
🗑
|
||||
| what does the process of crossing-over entail? | chromatids break off/ attach to adajcent chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| What does crossing-over result in? | genetic recombination- new genetic material
🗑
|
||||
| when may meiosis 2 occur? | during meiosis 1 or copying of dna
🗑
|
||||
| what are 4 haploid cells called? | spermatids
🗑
|
||||
| what is the production of mature egg cells called | oogenesis
🗑
|
||||
| haploid cells | human sperm/egg cells1 set of chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| binary fission | prokaryotic cell- 2 offspringcell has identical chromosomescopy original cell's chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| what is mitosis? | new cells with genetic material identical to original cellreproduction in unicellular organisms
🗑
|
||||
| karyotype | photomicrograph of chromosomes in human dividing cell
🗑
|
||||
| transmission electron microscope | a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons rather than light through a thinly sliced specimen
🗑
|
||||
| independent variable | an experimentally manipulated variable
🗑
|
||||
| compound light microscope | an instrument that magnifies small objects so they can be seen easily using two or more lenses
🗑
|
||||
| cell division | the formation of two cells from an existing cell
🗑
|
||||
| control group | in an experiment, a group or individual that serves as a standard of comparison with another group or individual to which it is identical except for one factor
🗑
|
||||
| resolution | the power of a microscope to show detail
🗑
|
||||
| what are the six themes of biology? | cell structure and functionhomeostasisreproductionevolutioninterdependence of organismsmatter, energy and organization
🗑
|
||||
| electron microscope | an instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light to enlarge the object of an extermly small object so that it can be seen
🗑
|
||||
| controlled experiment | a test of variables using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group
🗑
|
||||
| differentiation | a process in whcih the cells of a multicellular individula become specialized during development
🗑
|
||||
| what cannot sem's and tem's do? | they cannot view living organisms
🗑
|
||||
| dependent variable | the responding variable in an experiment
🗑
|
||||
| scanning electron microscope | a microscope that produces an enlarged image of the surface of an object with a beam of electrons rather than light
🗑
|
||||
| gas primary productivity | rate at which producers capture energy
🗑
|
||||
| how is water a solvent? | able to dissolve ions and polar molecules
🗑
|
||||
| the hydrogen bond can only form between what molecules? | charged
🗑
|
||||
| what are secondary bonds? | attraction between two molecules
🗑
|
||||
| h2o has the second highest what? | electronegativity
🗑
|
||||
| what is the first simpliest organic compound? | methane
🗑
|
||||
| what is a chemical bond? | force of attraction between two atoms
🗑
|
||||
| what are the basic building blocks of matter? | elenebts
🗑
|
||||
| what is differentiation? | process by which cells develp different characteristics
🗑
|
||||
| what is capallarity in water mean? | water is able to go through porus paper
🗑
|
||||
| adhesive | holding together of unlike substances
🗑
|
||||
| what is a primary bond? | bond between atoms forming compound to become stable
🗑
|
||||
| cohesive | holding together of like substances
🗑
|
||||
| radioactivity | atoms throw off particles/ energy trying to become more stable
🗑
|
||||
| non-polar bond | equal sharingnot charged
🗑
|
||||
| electronegativity | affinity of atom to attract electrons
🗑
|
||||
| polar bond | partially chargedequal sharing
🗑
|
||||
| how do cell membranes maintain homeostasis? | controlling what substances enter/ leave the cell
🗑
|
||||
| concentration gradient | difference of concentration of molecules
🗑
|
||||
| how can a molecule diffuse across a cell membrane? | depending on size/ type of molecule
🗑
|
||||
| how may molecules not soluble in lipids diffuse across membrane? | moving through pores in membrane
🗑
|
||||
| what does the net direction of osmosis depend on ? | relative concentration of solutes on two sides of membrane
🗑
|
||||
| multicellular organisms are mostly what | isotonic
🗑
|
||||
| cytolysis | cells burstwater diffueses into cells, causing them to swell, eventually burst
🗑
|
||||
| plasmolysis | cells shrink away from the cell wallreason plants don't recieve enough water
🗑
|
||||
| unicellular organisms are mainly what | hypotonic
🗑
|
||||
| acclimation | adjust tolerance to abiotic factors within lifetime
🗑
|
||||
| regulators | control some internal conditions
🗑
|
||||
| gause's principal | no two organisms of a species can exist in the same place at the same time using the same resources
🗑
|
||||
| biotic potential | optimium number of offspring a female species could possibly produce
🗑
|
||||
| environmental resistance | keeps population from growing at birth potential
🗑
|
||||
| what are all cell membranes made up of? | lipids and proteins
🗑
|
||||
| mitochondria | organelle located throughout cytosolsite of many chemical reactions
🗑
|
||||
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | covered with ribosomes viewed by electron microscopeprominent in cells with high protein amounts
🗑
|
||||
| fluid mosaic model | used to describe cell membrane structurerepresenting nature of membrane lipids and proteins
🗑
|
||||
| perpheral protein | located on both inner and outer surface of cell membranelinked by weak bonds
🗑
|
||||
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | covered with ribosomes smooth appearenceregulates calcium in muscle cellsbreaks down toxic substances
🗑
|
||||
| spindle fibers | bundles of microtubles thick enough to see with light microscopeassist in movement of chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| cristae | in inner membrane location in innner foldsenlarge surface area for enough space for chemical reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Define Adaptation | trait that has been acquired over a long period of time
🗑
|
||||
| What is an organism? | living thing
🗑
|
||||
| How are cells highly organized? | have specialized structures carrying out life processes
🗑
|
||||
| How are cells similiar? | surrounded by a membranecontain set of instructions necessary for making new parts
🗑
|
||||
| gene | short segement of DNA containing instructions for a trait
🗑
|
||||
| Why do organisms need energy? | maintain their organizationgrow and reproduce
🗑
|
||||
| cell division | formation of two cells from an existing cell
🗑
|
||||
| What must a scientific sample be? | large and random
🗑
|
||||
| How is a statement testable? | if evidence collected does or does not support the hypothesis
🗑
|
||||
| dependent variable | driven by results of independent variable
🗑
|
||||
| how do you analyze data? | determine wheither the data was reliablewheither data supported or did not support the hypothesis
🗑
|
||||
| Is an inference testable? | no
🗑
|
||||
| Why do biologists use microscopes? | enable to study organisms, cells and cell parts not visable to the naked eye
🗑
|
||||
| element | pure substance that may not be broken down chemically
🗑
|
||||
| compound | pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
🗑
|
||||
| atom | smallest portion of an element that is still that element
🗑
|
||||
| molecule | simplest part of substance retaining all properties of the substance in its free state
🗑
|
||||
| chemical bond | force of attraction between two atoms
🗑
|
||||
| covalent bond | the sharing of electrons
🗑
|
||||
| non-polar covalent bond | totally equal sharing of electronsbond is not charged
🗑
|
||||
| polar covalent bond | equal sharing of electronsbond is charged
🗑
|
||||
| ionic bond | forms ionstransfer of electrons from 1 atom to another
🗑
|
||||
| hydrogen bond | only forms between charged moleculesweak bond
🗑
|
||||
| energy | ability to do work
🗑
|
||||
| acid | 0-7 on ph scaleproduces H ions in solution
🗑
|
||||
| Base | 8-14 on ph scale
🗑
|
||||
| ph scale | measures wheither a solution is an acid or a base
🗑
|
||||
| matter | anything that takes up space and has mass
🗑
|
||||
| mass | quantity of matter an object contains
🗑
|
||||
| how many elements have been identified | more than 100
🗑
|
||||
| what are the main 4 elements | oxygen Ocarbon Chydrogen Hnitrogen N
🗑
|
||||
| what does a chemical symbol consist of? | one or two letters, resembling a chemical symbol
🗑
|
||||
| What do the different types of atoms determine? | the structure and properties of matter composed
🗑
|
||||
| What two particles does the nucleus consist of? | protons and neutrons
🗑
|
||||
| Where does the atomic number appear on the chemical symbol? | atop the chemical symbol
🗑
|
||||
| Where is the most energy consumed in an energy level? | outermost level
🗑
|
||||
| how many electrons can the first energy level hold? | two
🗑
|
||||
| how many electrons can the second energy level hold? | eight
🗑
|
||||
| when is an atom chemically stable? | when its outermost energy level is filled
🗑
|
||||
| chemical reactions | combining of atoms in which the atoms become stable
🗑
|
||||
| chemical bond | attachment of atoms
🗑
|
||||
| free energy | energy in a system available to do work
🗑
|
||||
| where are the reactants shown on a chemical equation? | left side
🗑
|
||||
| where are the products shown on a chemical equation? | right side
🗑
|
||||
| exergonic reactions | chemical reactions involving the release of energy
🗑
|
||||
| endergonic reactions | chemical reactions involving the net absorption of free energy
🗑
|
||||
| activation energy | amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
🗑
|
||||
| catalyst | chemical substance reducing the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction
🗑
|
||||
| enzyme | catalysts in living things
🗑
|
||||
| redox reactions | reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms
🗑
|
||||
| oxidation reaction | reactant loses one or more electrons, giving it a positive charge
🗑
|
||||
| reduction reaction | reactant gains one or more electrons, giving it a negative charge
🗑
|
||||
| solution | mixture whereas one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
🗑
|
||||
| solute | substance in which the solution is dissolved
🗑
|
||||
| solvent | substance in which the solute is dissolved
🗑
|
||||
| concentration of a solution | measurement of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution
🗑
|
||||
| saturated solution | solution in which no more solute may be dissolved
🗑
|
||||
| aqueous solutions | solutions in which water is the solvent
🗑
|
||||
| dissociation | breaking apart of the water molecule from two ions of opposite charge
🗑
|
||||
| buffer | chemical substance neutralizing small amounts of either an acid or base that was added
🗑
|
||||
| cohesion | holding together of molecules
🗑
|
||||
| adhesion of molecules | holding together of different substances
🗑
|
||||
| capillarity | ability for water to go through porus paper
🗑
|
||||
| name four organic compounds | nucleic acidslipidsproteinscarbohydrates
🗑
|
||||
| polymer | chain/unit of contonious molecules
🗑
|
||||
| monomer | 1 unit of the repeating molecule
🗑
|
||||
| monosaccharide | made up of 1 base which is glucose
🗑
|
||||
| two examples of monosaccharides | ribosefructose
🗑
|
||||
| disaccharide | made up of two bases (glucose), two sugars
🗑
|
||||
| 2 examples of disaccharides | sucroselactose
🗑
|
||||
| polysacchride | made up of hundreds/thousands of bases, sugars
🗑
|
||||
| 3 examples of polysacchrides | cellulosestarchglycogen
🗑
|
||||
| what is an enzyme's purpose? | breaks down substrates and reactions into simpler molecules
🗑
|
||||
| what type of compound is water? | polar
🗑
|
||||
| organic compounds | contain carbon atoms covalently bonding to other carbon atoms
🗑
|
||||
| how many bonds may carbon form? | four
🗑
|
||||
| what may carbon bond with that other elements cannot? | itself
🗑
|
||||
| functional groups | clusters of atoms influencing properties of molecules
🗑
|
||||
| carbohydrates | organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen is the most numerous
🗑
|
||||
| prokaryotic cell | lacks cellular-membrane structure (nucleus)
🗑
|
||||
| eukaryotic cell | contains membrane bound nucleus
🗑
|
||||
| cell theory | 1. cells contain a unit of structure2. cells are the main function in an organism3. cells originate from other cells
🗑
|
||||
| what is the structure of the cell-membrane | semi-permeable
🗑
|
||||
| nucleus | controls all cellular functions
🗑
|
||||
| cell membrane | regulates what goes into and out of the cell
🗑
|
||||
| cytoplasm | contains various organelles
🗑
|
||||
| mitochondria | breaks down materials, releasing energy
🗑
|
||||
| ribosomes | makes the proteins
🗑
|
||||
| rer | folds the proteins
🗑
|
||||
| lysosome | digests enzymes, food, and foreign matter such as the white blood cell
🗑
|
||||
| chloroplast | contains cholorophyll, giving plants the green colorhas a double membrane
🗑
|
||||
| vacuoles | found in plant cellsstore enzymes and wasteskeeps away toxins
🗑
|
||||
| cell wall | only found in plant cellssupports the cell (rigid)
🗑
|
||||
| Who first discovered plant cells? | Robert Hooke
🗑
|
||||
| Who first observed living cells? | Anton van Leeuwenhoek
🗑
|
||||
| what is unique about the nerve cell? | long extensions enabling it to recieve and transmit impulese
🗑
|
||||
| why are cells limited in size? | ration of outer surface area to volume
🗑
|
||||
| why is volume to surface area ratio important in cells? | the higher the volume, the less surface arealower surface area and the cell will not be able to recieve the necessary amounts of nutrients
🗑
|
||||
| what is unique about dead skin cells? | cover the bodies surface
🗑
|
||||
| what is unique about the white blood cells? | change shape, leave blood, enter blood vesselsmove through narrow openings destroying bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| organelles | cells internal structures
🗑
|
||||
| does mitochrondria have its own dna? | yes
🗑
|
||||
| what are ribosomes made up of ? | protein and rna
🗑
|
||||
| what is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum | interstate highway, path which molecules move from one area to the next
🗑
|
||||
| diffusion | movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reacheddoesn't require energy
🗑
|
||||
| facilitated diffusion | helps molecules diffuse (size/shape) from high to low concentration
🗑
|
||||
| osmosis | movement of h20 molecules from high to low concentration
🗑
|
||||
| iso | equal
🗑
|
||||
| isotonic | equal amounts of water in solute and solvent
🗑
|
||||
| hypo | under
🗑
|
||||
| hypotonic | less water in solute than in solution
🗑
|
||||
| hyper | more than
🗑
|
||||
| hypertonic | more water in solute than in solvent
🗑
|
||||
| plasmolysis | cells shrink away from the cell wall, losing turgor pressure
🗑
|
||||
| contractile vacuoles | keep excess amounts of water out of cell so that the cell will not burst
🗑
|
||||
| concentration gradient | difference in concentration molecules in a space
🗑
|
||||
| in which molecules move in their concentration gradient/ | down
🗑
|
||||
| turgor pressure | pressure the water molecules exert aganist the cell wall
🗑
|
||||
| cytolysis | bursting of ceclls due to water diffusing in a hypotonic environment
🗑
|
||||
| vesicle | pouch pinching off from cell membrane becoming organelle
🗑
|
||||
| endocytosis | cells ingest external fluids forming vesicles
🗑
|
||||
| pinocytosis | transport of solutes or liquids
🗑
|
||||
| phagocytosis | movement of large particles or whole cells
🗑
|
||||
| phagocytes | cells allowing lysosomes to fuse with vesicles contain ingested bacterial and viruses
🗑
|
||||
| exocytosis | vesicles form whereas they leave the cell membrane
🗑
|
||||
| photosynthesis | packing of carbon by autotrophs into food molecules for later use
🗑
|
||||
| what is the purpose of photoysnthesis | keep plant with enough molecules for times when there isn't enough sun
🗑
|
||||
| respiration | breaking down of the food molecules, releasing the energy
🗑
|
||||
| what is the purpose of respiration? | makes the protein in ATP, supplying the cell with energy
🗑
|
||||
| chromosome structure | rod shaped with dna and proteins
🗑
|
||||
| how many haploid cells does a human have? | 23
🗑
|
||||
| the stages of the cell cycle are | interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
🗑
|
||||
| histones | dna in eukaryotic cells wrapping tightly around proteins
🗑
|
||||
| nonhistones | involved in controlling the activity of specific regions of dna
🗑
|
||||
| chromatid | half of a chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| how do chromatids form? | as dna makes a copy before cell division
🗑
|
||||
| centromere | the section of the cell holding together the section of chromatid
🗑
|
||||
| sex chromosomes | determine organisms sex, while carrying genes for other traits
🗑
|
||||
| autosomes | all other chromosomes besides the sex chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| homologous chromosomes | two copies of a chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| how are homologous chromosomes alike? | same size and shape along with the same genes
🗑
|
||||
| karyotype | photomicrograph of chromosomes in dividing cell in a normal cell
🗑
|
||||
| diploid | cells having two sets of chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| haploid | human sperm and egg cells
🗑
|
||||
| how many cells do haploids have? | half the number of chromosomes in diploid cells
🗑
|
||||
| mitosis | new cells with genetic information identical to first cell
🗑
|
||||
| where does mitosis occur? | in body cells, somatic
🗑
|
||||
| meiosis | reduces the chromosome number in halfgamete cells
🗑
|
||||
| cell cycle | repeating events making up the life of a cell
🗑
|
||||
| interphase | time between cell divisiondivided into two phases
🗑
|
||||
| g1 phase | first stage of interphaseoffspring grows to mature size
🗑
|
||||
| s phase | dna of cell is copied
🗑
|
||||
| g2 phase | represents time gap between s phase and cell division
🗑
|
||||
| what occurs in the g0 phase? | cells don't copy their dna and do not prepare for cell division
🗑
|
||||
| prophase | 1st stage of mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| gregor mendel and his pea plants | contrasted the genetics of pea plants using statistics
🗑
|
||||
| rule of heredity | traits that are masked are dominanttraits that are controlled are recessive
🗑
|
||||
| law of segregation | pair of gametes is seprated during meiosis randomly
🗑
|
||||
| law of independent assortment | factors for different gene traits are random
🗑
|
||||
| monohybrid cross | 1 pair of traits is crossed genetically
🗑
|
||||
| where did gregor mendel originate? | monostary in Austria
🗑
|
||||
| heredity | transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
🗑
|
||||
| traits | different characteristics of an organism
🗑
|
||||
| pollination | pollen grains produced in male reproductive parts of flower are transferred to female reproductive part
🗑
|
||||
| anthers | male reproductive part of flower
🗑
|
||||
| stigma | female reproductive part of flower
🗑
|
||||
| self-pollination | when pollen is transferred from anthers of flower to stigma of either flower
🗑
|
||||
| cross-pollination | involves flowers of two seperate pea plants
🗑
|
||||
| pure | trait always producing the offspring with the specific trait
🗑
|
||||
| p1 generation | first parental generation
🗑
|
||||
| strain | pea plants pure for a specific trait
🗑
|
||||
| f1 generation | offspring of the first generation
🗑
|
||||
| f2 genertaion | offspring of the second generation
🗑
|
||||
| molecular genetics | study of the structure and function of the chromosomes and the genes
🗑
|
||||
| allele | alternative forms of a trait
🗑
|
||||
| genotype | genetic information of a gene
🗑
|
||||
| what does the genotype consist of? | alleles that an organism can inherit from the parents
🗑
|
||||
| phenotype | appearence of an organism because of its genotype
🗑
|
||||
| homozygous | both alleles of a gene are the same
🗑
|
||||
| heterozygous | alleles of a gene are different throughout the chromosome
🗑
|
||||
| punnet square | diagram used to show what may occur next in the genetic offspring
🗑
|
||||
| genotypic ratio | ratio in genotypes
🗑
|
||||
| phenotypic ratio | ratio of phenotypes
🗑
|
||||
| testcross | cross an individual unknown genotype crossed with the individual
🗑
|
||||
| complete dominance | one allele is completely dominant over the other
🗑
|
||||
| incomplete dominance | two or more alleles influence the phenotype, resulting in a phenotype intermediate
🗑
|
||||
| codominance | both alleles for a gene are expressed as heterzygous
🗑
|
||||
| dihybrid cross | cross between individuals with two traits
🗑
|
||||
| what is the structure of dna? | double helix
🗑
|
||||
| what are dna made up of ? | purines and pyramidines
🗑
|
||||
| purpose of dna molecules | for genetics and traits
🗑
|
||||
| why is dna replication necessary? | each offspring may have the same traits of the parent
🗑
|
||||
| when does dna replication occur? | mitosis
🗑
|
||||
| what is the structure of the rna? | single helix
🗑
|
||||
| what type of sugar does dna have? | deoxyribose
🗑
|
||||
| what type of sugar does rna have? | ribose
🗑
|
||||
| what is the function of mrna? | messenger rnacarries the protein sequences
🗑
|
||||
| what is the function of trna? | transfer rnatransfers amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| what is the function of rrna? | ribosomal rnamakes the ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| what is the purpose of transcription? | copying the specific rna molecules in the cytosol
🗑
|
||||
| what is the purpose of translation? | assembles polypeptides for mrna (amino acids)
🗑
|
||||
| what four nitrogen containing bases may be found in dna? | adnine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
🗑
|
||||
| purine | two rings of carbonadnine and guanine
🗑
|
||||
| pyramidine | three rings of carboncytosine and thymine
🗑
|
||||
| what bases bond with eachother in dna? | adenine bonds with thyminecytosine bonds with guanine
🗑
|
||||
| who discovered the structure of dna? | francis crick and James Watson
🗑
|
||||
| how are the bases paired? | hydrogen bonds
🗑
|
||||
| replication | the process of copying dna in a cell
🗑
|
||||
| what is the replication fork? | the area at which the two dna chains seperate
🗑
|
||||
| what is a helicase? | enzyme seperating the dna chains for replication
🗑
|
||||
| mutation | change in a nucleotide sequence
🗑
|
||||
| what is the change in the bases for rna? | thymine changes to uracil
🗑
|
||||
| what is rna polymerase? | primary transcription enzymesynthesizes specific sequences of dna
🗑
|
||||
| promoters | marks beginning of dna chain that will then be transcribed
🗑
|
||||
| termination signal | specific sequence of nucleotides marking the end of a gene in eukaryotes and functional genes (only a few)
🗑
|
||||
| protein synthesis | the production of proteins
🗑
|
||||
| genetic code | sequence of amino acids used to create proteins
🗑
|
||||
| codon | three mrna nucleotides sequence
🗑
|
||||
| start codon | codes for amino acid methioninestarts translationg mrna nucleotides
🗑
|
||||
| stop codon | causes the ribosomes to stop translating mrna
🗑
|
||||
| anticodon | opposite original amino acid sequence of three nucleotides
🗑
|
||||
| sex-linked inheritance traits | traits passed on by the parents hereditary
🗑
|
||||
| why are sex linked traits different from regular genetic traits? | sex linked traits contain the x and y chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| what can cause a mutation? | change in the dna during a replication
🗑
|
||||
| gene mutation | involves segments of dna or 1 nucleotide
🗑
|
||||
| nondisjunction | gamete has extra chromosomes while 1 gamete lacks all of its chromosomes
🗑
|
||||
| germ cell mutation | in gametes, doesn't affect the organism only the offspring
🗑
|
||||
| somatic cell mutation | in body cells, effects the organism not the offspring
🗑
|
||||
| evolve | change over a long period of time
🗑
|
||||
| LaMarck's Theory of Acquired traits | organisms share many traits, not determined by the genes
🗑
|
||||
| when did charles darwin live? | 1800's
🗑
|
||||
| in what country did charles darwin live? | britain
🗑
|
||||
| darwin's natural selection | animals that survive by competing in an environment will live, but must reproduce
🗑
|
||||
| homolgous structures | similar features, same ancestor
🗑
|
||||
| analogous structure | serve identical functions, appear to be alike
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
twilightfan24
Popular Biology sets