Biology Final HOnors Word Scramble

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Question	Answer
stimulus	anything that causes a response
what does a bell-shaped curve represent?	developing countries
evolve	change over a long period of time
living things	show organization
magnification	increase of an objects apparent size
power of magnification	in a microscope, the factor of enlargement
sexual reproduction	the production of offspring from the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms
carbon cycle	co2 is processed and cycled
permafrost	permanately frozen layer of soil underneath surface
what is homeostasis?	which the body maintains internal functions
specialists	species containing narrow niches
mass extinction	sharp decrease of number of species in short time period
biomass	organic material in ecosystem
community	all the interacting organisms living in an area
what does an ecosystem include?	all non-living (physical/chemical) aspects influencing organisms
main acid produced in atmosphere causing acid rain?	h2so4
what does a tolerance curve show about an organism?	shows organisms comfort zone, how it adapts
how have animals been eliminated?	habitat destruction, overhunting, and new diseases/predatorsmass extinctions
how does competition result from?	use of same limited resource from two or more species
secondary compounds	synthesize chemicals from metabolism productspoisonous, irritating, and bad tasting
what is a consequence of species-area effect?	reducing habitat size, reduces speices size
what is matter?	takes up space while having mass
catabolism	breaking down of chemical reactions
base unit	one of seven fundamental units of SI measurement that describes length, mass, time, and other quantities
how does growth occur?	cell division and enlargement
gene	a segment of DNA that contains coding for a polypeptide or protein, a unit of heredity information
natural selection	the process by which organisms with favorable variations reproduce at higher rates than those without such variations
cells are	smallest unit of organism carrying out functions of life
name three types of plastids	1. choroplasts2. leucoplasts3. chromoplasts
what enzyme may digest proteins, carbs, lipids, dna, and rna?	lysosomes
what is a trophic level?	a feeding level
survivorship curve	graph of species mortality-rate data
what does a predators survival depend on	ability to capture food
microfilaments are made up of what?	actin protein
how does growth occur?	adaptation and evolution
what directs all cellular activities?	nucleus
what is competitive exclusion?	1 species eliminated from community by competition for the same resource1 species used the resource more effictivelyreproductive advantage
where is the cell wall located?	cell membrane
photosynthesis	the conversino of light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds
what is a gene?	section of dna molecule that contains a protein
biosphere	the thin volume of Earth and its atomosphere supporting life; broadest level of organization
what is a plant cell wall made up of?	cellulose
what do lysosomes help break down?	food molecules
density-independent factor	reduce population in small proportions regardless of population size
what is dissolved oxygen?	oxygen is dissolved in water in environment
conformer	organisms that don't regulate their internal conditions; change as external environment changes
this processes materials/ oves them around cell	endoplasmic reticulum
age structure	distribution of animals from different ages
what type of charge does a neutron have	neutral
unicellular	made up of only one cell
multicellular	organism made up of more than one cell
what is biology?	study of life
pioneer species	species predominating early in succession
all organisms are made up of how many cells?	one or more
are ribosomes surrounded by a membrane?	no
three characteristics of a population	1. size2. density3. dispersion
emigration	movement of an organism out of a population
carrying capacity	the number of individuals the environment can support over a long period of time
species diversity	number of speices in a community in relation to relative abundance of each species
small holes in the nuclear envelope	nuclear pores
mimicry	species resembles a poisonous/distasteful species
osmosis	when water molecules diffuse across cell membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
what type of cell has a cell wall?	plant
what does the rough er do to its proteins?	folds them
living things display what?	organization
2 ways the population size may be calculated	1. count number of individuals2. estimate individual number
dispersion patterns	how organisms distribute themselves in a population
emigration	movement of individuals out of a population
objective lens	poisitioned directly above the specimen; enlarges specimens image
why is the thinning of the ozone layer	1% of UV radiation unto surfacecauses sunburns and skin cancer
exponential growth	model of population growth whereas birth and death rates are constant
size of populations	b-d+i-e
food chain	feeding relationships among organisms resulting in energy transfer
catabolism	breaking down of chemical reactions
name 6 environmental problems	1. acid rain2. air/water pollution3. global warming4. greenhouse effect5. mass extinction6. rising human populations
what does a species niche involve?	range of conditions in tolerance rangemethods in which organism obtains resourcesnumber of offspring/environmental interaction
why do scientists generally use models?	have predictions about future behavoirs/observations from worldplan/evaluate solutions
condition caused by overabundance of gases in atmosphere, keeping heat energy	global climate change
realized niche	range of resources a species actually uses
what type of environment do plants live in ?	hypotonic
abiotic	non-living
what is a variable?	any factor that changes an outcome
isotonic	when concentration of solutes in/out of cell are equal
1st property of facilitated diffusion	help substance move into/out of celldepends on concentration gradient
7 is what on a ph scale?	neutral
what type of charge does an electron have	negative
what type of charge does a proton have?	positive
cell	smallest capable unit of life functions
growth rate	number per unit time
hypertonic	concentration of solute molecules is higher than concentration of solute
population	2 or more members of a species in an area per unit time
dormancy	reducing activity during environmental conditions
niche	species way of life; role a species plays in its environment
2 problems encountered as exponential increase in humans	sixth mass extinctionglobal warming
what is an organisms habitat?	where an organism lives
biotic factor	the living components of the environment
life science is the study of what?	living things
ecology	study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and each other
what is the atomic mass?	number of protons and the number of neutrons
what are the two growth curves?	logistical and exponential
what is dispersion?	the spatial distribution of individuals within a population
heterotroph	an organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other oragnisms or their by-product
mating with relatives	inbreeding
i =	immigration
dormancy	enter a state of reduced activity during long periods of bad conditions
chromosome	coiled up chromatin, densly packed
cell wall	tough, rigid covering; giving cell its shape
decomposer	break down complex molecules to dead tissues into noncomplex molecules
what is mutualism?	both species benefitsome species cannot survive without the other
regulates interactions between cell and its environment	cell membrane
nuclear envelope	double envelope surrounding nucleous
anabolism	building up of chemical reactions
deaths	d
dispersion	spatial distribution of individuals within a population
the ozone layer in the atmosphere is diminishing most over	antarctica
why do organisms require energy?	maintains molecular and cellular organization
competition	1 organism vies for the basic resources for other organisms
in a one-celled organism growth is due to the cells increase in	size
protects a cell and gives it its shape	cell wall
what must be lost for water temperature?	heat
name the three states of matter	solid, liquid, gas
density	amount of stuff per unit area
where is the cytoskeleton located?	cytosol
ecology	the study of organisms and how they interact with their environment and each other
this stores fluid filled organelles storing enzymes, metabolic wastes	vacuoles
what chemicals are destroying the ozone?	chloroflurocarbons cfc'sindusturial chemicals
main gas contributing to global climate change?	co2
what is biomass?	amount of organic material in an area
urn-shaped graph represents	stable countries
living things do these two things?	grow and reproduce
data	include any and all information that scientists gather in trying to answer their questions
evolution by natural selection	driven by competiion amoung individualsdifferences in species = reproduction differs
model	an explanation supported by datamay be visual,verbal,mathematical may help generate new predictions
multicellular organism	a living thing that consits of more than one cell
homeostasis	the stable internal conditions of a living thing
biogeochemical cycle	3 main cycles moving the environment from the atomosphere
autotroph	organisms that trap and use energy from the sun
species	group of same type of organism that can mate producing fertile offspring
conformers	don't regulate internal conditionschange as environment does
contractile vacuole	organelles removing excess water pumping water out of the cellcells expand energy
turgor pressure	pressure water molecules exert aganist cell wall
regulator	organisms using energy to control some of their internal conditions
how have humans affected atomospheres condition?	humans burn fossil fuels burned providing energy producing co2
why has environmental knowledge been important to humans back then and today?	humans understand how to survive/suvival of specieshumans change earth rapidly/global scale
secondary gas contributing to global climate change?	so2
how many mass extincitons are there	6
character displacement	natural selection= potential competitors when range overlaps
what does predation influence?	where and how a species lives
2nd property of facilitated diffusion	carrier proteins involved in facilitated diffusion each specific for molecule type
what is photosynthesis?	autotrophs trap light energy and tuck into food molecule for storage
most ribosomes are made where?	nucleus
autotrophs	make own foodmay use chemical processes
sampling	the techmnique of using a sample, a small part, to represent an entire population
asexual reproduction	the production of offspring that does not involve the union of gametes
ecology	the study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
what do prokaryotic cells lack?	membrane-bound structure
waht does the mitochondria break down?	glucose
what are the inner membranes of the mitochondria called?	cristae
what does the law of conservation of matter and energy state?	energy cannot be created or destroyedenergy may change forms
differenc between environmental and fundamental niche	fundamental is the range of resources a species may toleraterealized is the range of resources a species actually uses
one species is harmed while the other benefits	parasitism
gradual regrowth of species in an area	succession
unit for population density	number of individuals per unit area or volume
use light energy to make a sugar	chloroplast
how do scientists calculate species diversity?	measure/estimate population size of all species in a community
organism feeding on other organism	parasite
proteins are needed for	chemical reactions
inference	a conclusion based on the basis of factors or premises rather than on direct observations
ecosystem	all the organisms and non-living environment and each other
burning of fossil fuels causes	pollution
what type of change is the melting of lead	chemical
stimuli belongs to what	living things
ion channels	provide small passegways across cell membranes in which ions diffuse
equilibrium	concentration of molecules in substance sam throughout a space
carrier proteins	proteins assissting in molecule movement across cell membrane
fundamental niche	range species may tolerate
what is the main cause of global climate change?	rising of temperatures
what are the 3 main parts of a seed?	cotlyedon, embryo, seed coating
interconnnectedness	organisms adapt with their environment
where are ribosomes synthesized/assembled in nuclear pores	nucleolous
what is respiration	breaking down food molecule releasing energy
what do most cell life processes occur	cytoplasm
species	group of same type organism that can mate producing fertile offspring
ectoparasites	live on host, do not enter the hosts body
chemosynthesis	produce carbohydrates using energy from inorganic substances
homologous chromosomes	2 copies of autosomesame sizesame shapegenes for same trait
autosomes	44 chromosomes in humanall other chromosomes besides sex chromosomes
sex chromosomes	determine organisms sex carry genes for other characteristics
how many chromosomes do humans have?	46 chromosomes
why does dna uncoil between cell divisions	can be readinfo may be used to direct activities of cell
centromere	middle of dividing chromosomesholds chromosomes together until cell division
chromatid	half of a chromosome
what are nonhistones?	control activity of specific regions of dna
how do histones help dna?	maintain chromosomes shapeaid in tight packing of dna molecules
what are histones?	dna in eukaryotic cells wrap around proteins
what are chromosomes?	rod-shaped structures made of dna and proteins
what is meiosis?	nuclear division reducing chromosme number in new cells to half the number in normal cells
what is synapsis?	pairing of homologous chromosomes
does synapsis occur in mitosis?	no
what is synapsis called?	tetrad
what does the process of crossing-over entail?	chromatids break off/ attach to adajcent chromosomes
What does crossing-over result in?	genetic recombination- new genetic material
when may meiosis 2 occur?	during meiosis 1 or copying of dna
what are 4 haploid cells called?	spermatids
what is the production of mature egg cells called	oogenesis
haploid cells	human sperm/egg cells1 set of chromosomes
binary fission	prokaryotic cell- 2 offspringcell has identical chromosomescopy original cell's chromosomes
what is mitosis?	new cells with genetic material identical to original cellreproduction in unicellular organisms
karyotype	photomicrograph of chromosomes in human dividing cell
transmission electron microscope	a microscope that transmits a beam of electrons rather than light through a thinly sliced specimen
independent variable	an experimentally manipulated variable
compound light microscope	an instrument that magnifies small objects so they can be seen easily using two or more lenses
cell division	the formation of two cells from an existing cell
control group	in an experiment, a group or individual that serves as a standard of comparison with another group or individual to which it is identical except for one factor
resolution	the power of a microscope to show detail
what are the six themes of biology?	cell structure and functionhomeostasisreproductionevolutioninterdependence of organismsmatter, energy and organization
electron microscope	an instrument that uses a beam of electrons rather than a beam of light to enlarge the object of an extermly small object so that it can be seen
controlled experiment	a test of variables using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group
differentiation	a process in whcih the cells of a multicellular individula become specialized during development
what cannot sem's and tem's do?	they cannot view living organisms
dependent variable	the responding variable in an experiment
scanning electron microscope	a microscope that produces an enlarged image of the surface of an object with a beam of electrons rather than light
gas primary productivity	rate at which producers capture energy
how is water a solvent?	able to dissolve ions and polar molecules
the hydrogen bond can only form between what molecules?	charged
what are secondary bonds?	attraction between two molecules
h2o has the second highest what?	electronegativity
what is the first simpliest organic compound?	methane
what is a chemical bond?	force of attraction between two atoms
what are the basic building blocks of matter?	elenebts
what is differentiation?	process by which cells develp different characteristics
what is capallarity in water mean?	water is able to go through porus paper
adhesive	holding together of unlike substances
what is a primary bond?	bond between atoms forming compound to become stable
cohesive	holding together of like substances
radioactivity	atoms throw off particles/ energy trying to become more stable
non-polar bond	equal sharingnot charged
electronegativity	affinity of atom to attract electrons
polar bond	partially chargedequal sharing
how do cell membranes maintain homeostasis?	controlling what substances enter/ leave the cell
concentration gradient	difference of concentration of molecules
how can a molecule diffuse across a cell membrane?	depending on size/ type of molecule
how may molecules not soluble in lipids diffuse across membrane?	moving through pores in membrane
what does the net direction of osmosis depend on ?	relative concentration of solutes on two sides of membrane
multicellular organisms are mostly what	isotonic
cytolysis	cells burstwater diffueses into cells, causing them to swell, eventually burst
plasmolysis	cells shrink away from the cell wallreason plants don't recieve enough water
unicellular organisms are mainly what	hypotonic
acclimation	adjust tolerance to abiotic factors within lifetime
regulators	control some internal conditions
gause's principal	no two organisms of a species can exist in the same place at the same time using the same resources
biotic potential	optimium number of offspring a female species could possibly produce
environmental resistance	keeps population from growing at birth potential
what are all cell membranes made up of?	lipids and proteins
mitochondria	organelle located throughout cytosolsite of many chemical reactions
rough endoplasmic reticulum	covered with ribosomes viewed by electron microscopeprominent in cells with high protein amounts
fluid mosaic model	used to describe cell membrane structurerepresenting nature of membrane lipids and proteins
perpheral protein	located on both inner and outer surface of cell membranelinked by weak bonds
smooth endoplasmic reticulum	covered with ribosomes smooth appearenceregulates calcium in muscle cellsbreaks down toxic substances
spindle fibers	bundles of microtubles thick enough to see with light microscopeassist in movement of chromosomes
cristae	in inner membrane location in innner foldsenlarge surface area for enough space for chemical reaction
Define Adaptation	trait that has been acquired over a long period of time
What is an organism?	living thing
How are cells highly organized?	have specialized structures carrying out life processes
How are cells similiar?	surrounded by a membranecontain set of instructions necessary for making new parts
gene	short segement of DNA containing instructions for a trait
Why do organisms need energy?	maintain their organizationgrow and reproduce
cell division	formation of two cells from an existing cell
What must a scientific sample be?	large and random
How is a statement testable?	if evidence collected does or does not support the hypothesis
dependent variable	driven by results of independent variable
how do you analyze data?	determine wheither the data was reliablewheither data supported or did not support the hypothesis
Is an inference testable?	no
Why do biologists use microscopes?	enable to study organisms, cells and cell parts not visable to the naked eye
element	pure substance that may not be broken down chemically
compound	pure substance made up of atoms of two or more elements
atom	smallest portion of an element that is still that element
molecule	simplest part of substance retaining all properties of the substance in its free state
chemical bond	force of attraction between two atoms
covalent bond	the sharing of electrons
non-polar covalent bond	totally equal sharing of electronsbond is not charged
polar covalent bond	equal sharing of electronsbond is charged
ionic bond	forms ionstransfer of electrons from 1 atom to another
hydrogen bond	only forms between charged moleculesweak bond
energy	ability to do work
acid	0-7 on ph scaleproduces H ions in solution
Base	8-14 on ph scale
ph scale	measures wheither a solution is an acid or a base
matter	anything that takes up space and has mass
mass	quantity of matter an object contains
how many elements have been identified	more than 100
what are the main 4 elements	oxygen Ocarbon Chydrogen Hnitrogen N
what does a chemical symbol consist of?	one or two letters, resembling a chemical symbol
What do the different types of atoms determine?	the structure and properties of matter composed
What two particles does the nucleus consist of?	protons and neutrons
Where does the atomic number appear on the chemical symbol?	atop the chemical symbol
Where is the most energy consumed in an energy level?	outermost level
how many electrons can the first energy level hold?	two
how many electrons can the second energy level hold?	eight
when is an atom chemically stable?	when its outermost energy level is filled
chemical reactions	combining of atoms in which the atoms become stable
chemical bond	attachment of atoms
free energy	energy in a system available to do work
where are the reactants shown on a chemical equation?	left side
where are the products shown on a chemical equation?	right side
exergonic reactions	chemical reactions involving the release of energy
endergonic reactions	chemical reactions involving the net absorption of free energy
activation energy	amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
catalyst	chemical substance reducing the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction
enzyme	catalysts in living things
redox reactions	reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms
oxidation reaction	reactant loses one or more electrons, giving it a positive charge
reduction reaction	reactant gains one or more electrons, giving it a negative charge
solution	mixture whereas one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance
solute	substance in which the solution is dissolved
solvent	substance in which the solute is dissolved
concentration of a solution	measurement of the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of a solution
saturated solution	solution in which no more solute may be dissolved
aqueous solutions	solutions in which water is the solvent
dissociation	breaking apart of the water molecule from two ions of opposite charge
buffer	chemical substance neutralizing small amounts of either an acid or base that was added
cohesion	holding together of molecules
adhesion of molecules	holding together of different substances
capillarity	ability for water to go through porus paper
name four organic compounds	nucleic acidslipidsproteinscarbohydrates
polymer	chain/unit of contonious molecules
monomer	1 unit of the repeating molecule
monosaccharide	made up of 1 base which is glucose
two examples of monosaccharides	ribosefructose
disaccharide	made up of two bases (glucose), two sugars
2 examples of disaccharides	sucroselactose
polysacchride	made up of hundreds/thousands of bases, sugars
3 examples of polysacchrides	cellulosestarchglycogen
what is an enzyme's purpose?	breaks down substrates and reactions into simpler molecules
what type of compound is water?	polar
organic compounds	contain carbon atoms covalently bonding to other carbon atoms
how many bonds may carbon form?	four
what may carbon bond with that other elements cannot?	itself
functional groups	clusters of atoms influencing properties of molecules
carbohydrates	organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygenhydrogen is the most numerous
prokaryotic cell	lacks cellular-membrane structure (nucleus)
eukaryotic cell	contains membrane bound nucleus
cell theory	1. cells contain a unit of structure2. cells are the main function in an organism3. cells originate from other cells
what is the structure of the cell-membrane	semi-permeable
nucleus	controls all cellular functions
cell membrane	regulates what goes into and out of the cell
cytoplasm	contains various organelles
mitochondria	breaks down materials, releasing energy
ribosomes	makes the proteins
rer	folds the proteins
lysosome	digests enzymes, food, and foreign matter such as the white blood cell
chloroplast	contains cholorophyll, giving plants the green colorhas a double membrane
vacuoles	found in plant cellsstore enzymes and wasteskeeps away toxins
cell wall	only found in plant cellssupports the cell (rigid)
Who first discovered plant cells?	Robert Hooke
Who first observed living cells?	Anton van Leeuwenhoek
what is unique about the nerve cell?	long extensions enabling it to recieve and transmit impulese
why are cells limited in size?	ration of outer surface area to volume
why is volume to surface area ratio important in cells?	the higher the volume, the less surface arealower surface area and the cell will not be able to recieve the necessary amounts of nutrients
what is unique about dead skin cells?	cover the bodies surface
what is unique about the white blood cells?	change shape, leave blood, enter blood vesselsmove through narrow openings destroying bacteria
organelles	cells internal structures
does mitochrondria have its own dna?	yes
what are ribosomes made up of ?	protein and rna
what is the main function of the endoplasmic reticulum	interstate highway, path which molecules move from one area to the next
diffusion	movement of molecules from high to low concentration until equilibrium is reacheddoesn't require energy
facilitated diffusion	helps molecules diffuse (size/shape) from high to low concentration
osmosis	movement of h20 molecules from high to low concentration
iso	equal
isotonic	equal amounts of water in solute and solvent
hypo	under
hypotonic	less water in solute than in solution
hyper	more than
hypertonic	more water in solute than in solvent
plasmolysis	cells shrink away from the cell wall, losing turgor pressure
contractile vacuoles	keep excess amounts of water out of cell so that the cell will not burst
concentration gradient	difference in concentration molecules in a space
in which molecules move in their concentration gradient/	down
turgor pressure	pressure the water molecules exert aganist the cell wall
cytolysis	bursting of ceclls due to water diffusing in a hypotonic environment
vesicle	pouch pinching off from cell membrane becoming organelle
endocytosis	cells ingest external fluids forming vesicles
pinocytosis	transport of solutes or liquids
phagocytosis	movement of large particles or whole cells
phagocytes	cells allowing lysosomes to fuse with vesicles contain ingested bacterial and viruses
exocytosis	vesicles form whereas they leave the cell membrane
photosynthesis	packing of carbon by autotrophs into food molecules for later use
what is the purpose of photoysnthesis	keep plant with enough molecules for times when there isn't enough sun
respiration	breaking down of the food molecules, releasing the energy
what is the purpose of respiration?	makes the protein in ATP, supplying the cell with energy
chromosome structure	rod shaped with dna and proteins
how many haploid cells does a human have?	23
the stages of the cell cycle are	interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
histones	dna in eukaryotic cells wrapping tightly around proteins
nonhistones	involved in controlling the activity of specific regions of dna
chromatid	half of a chromosome
how do chromatids form?	as dna makes a copy before cell division
centromere	the section of the cell holding together the section of chromatid
sex chromosomes	determine organisms sex, while carrying genes for other traits
autosomes	all other chromosomes besides the sex chromosomes
homologous chromosomes	two copies of a chromosome
how are homologous chromosomes alike?	same size and shape along with the same genes
karyotype	photomicrograph of chromosomes in dividing cell in a normal cell
diploid	cells having two sets of chromosomes
haploid	human sperm and egg cells
how many cells do haploids have?	half the number of chromosomes in diploid cells
mitosis	new cells with genetic information identical to first cell
where does mitosis occur?	in body cells, somatic
meiosis	reduces the chromosome number in halfgamete cells
cell cycle	repeating events making up the life of a cell
interphase	time between cell divisiondivided into two phases
g1 phase	first stage of interphaseoffspring grows to mature size
s phase	dna of cell is copied
g2 phase	represents time gap between s phase and cell division
what occurs in the g0 phase?	cells don't copy their dna and do not prepare for cell division
prophase	1st stage of mitosis
gregor mendel and his pea plants	contrasted the genetics of pea plants using statistics
rule of heredity	traits that are masked are dominanttraits that are controlled are recessive
law of segregation	pair of gametes is seprated during meiosis randomly
law of independent assortment	factors for different gene traits are random
monohybrid cross	1 pair of traits is crossed genetically
where did gregor mendel originate?	monostary in Austria
heredity	transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring
traits	different characteristics of an organism
pollination	pollen grains produced in male reproductive parts of flower are transferred to female reproductive part
anthers	male reproductive part of flower
stigma	female reproductive part of flower
self-pollination	when pollen is transferred from anthers of flower to stigma of either flower
cross-pollination	involves flowers of two seperate pea plants
pure	trait always producing the offspring with the specific trait
p1 generation	first parental generation
strain	pea plants pure for a specific trait
f1 generation	offspring of the first generation
f2 genertaion	offspring of the second generation
molecular genetics	study of the structure and function of the chromosomes and the genes
allele	alternative forms of a trait
genotype	genetic information of a gene
what does the genotype consist of?	alleles that an organism can inherit from the parents
phenotype	appearence of an organism because of its genotype
homozygous	both alleles of a gene are the same
heterozygous	alleles of a gene are different throughout the chromosome
punnet square	diagram used to show what may occur next in the genetic offspring
genotypic ratio	ratio in genotypes
phenotypic ratio	ratio of phenotypes
testcross	cross an individual unknown genotype crossed with the individual
complete dominance	one allele is completely dominant over the other
incomplete dominance	two or more alleles influence the phenotype, resulting in a phenotype intermediate
codominance	both alleles for a gene are expressed as heterzygous
dihybrid cross	cross between individuals with two traits
what is the structure of dna?	double helix
what are dna made up of ?	purines and pyramidines
purpose of dna molecules	for genetics and traits
why is dna replication necessary?	each offspring may have the same traits of the parent
when does dna replication occur?	mitosis
what is the structure of the rna?	single helix
what type of sugar does dna have?	deoxyribose
what type of sugar does rna have?	ribose
what is the function of mrna?	messenger rnacarries the protein sequences
what is the function of trna?	transfer rnatransfers amino acids
what is the function of rrna?	ribosomal rnamakes the ribosomes
what is the purpose of transcription?	copying the specific rna molecules in the cytosol
what is the purpose of translation?	assembles polypeptides for mrna (amino acids)
what four nitrogen containing bases may be found in dna?	adnine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
purine	two rings of carbonadnine and guanine
pyramidine	three rings of carboncytosine and thymine
what bases bond with eachother in dna?	adenine bonds with thyminecytosine bonds with guanine
who discovered the structure of dna?	francis crick and James Watson
how are the bases paired?	hydrogen bonds
replication	the process of copying dna in a cell
what is the replication fork?	the area at which the two dna chains seperate
what is a helicase?	enzyme seperating the dna chains for replication
mutation	change in a nucleotide sequence
what is the change in the bases for rna?	thymine changes to uracil
what is rna polymerase?	primary transcription enzymesynthesizes specific sequences of dna
promoters	marks beginning of dna chain that will then be transcribed
termination signal	specific sequence of nucleotides marking the end of a gene in eukaryotes and functional genes (only a few)
protein synthesis	the production of proteins
genetic code	sequence of amino acids used to create proteins
codon	three mrna nucleotides sequence
start codon	codes for amino acid methioninestarts translationg mrna nucleotides
stop codon	causes the ribosomes to stop translating mrna
anticodon	opposite original amino acid sequence of three nucleotides
sex-linked inheritance traits	traits passed on by the parents hereditary
why are sex linked traits different from regular genetic traits?	sex linked traits contain the x and y chromosomes
what can cause a mutation?	change in the dna during a replication
gene mutation	involves segments of dna or 1 nucleotide
nondisjunction	gamete has extra chromosomes while 1 gamete lacks all of its chromosomes
germ cell mutation	in gametes, doesn't affect the organism only the offspring
somatic cell mutation	in body cells, effects the organism not the offspring
evolve	change over a long period of time
LaMarck's Theory of Acquired traits	organisms share many traits, not determined by the genes
when did charles darwin live?	1800's
in what country did charles darwin live?	britain
darwin's natural selection	animals that survive by competing in an environment will live, but must reproduce
homolgous structures	similar features, same ancestor
analogous structure	serve identical functions, appear to be alike

Created by: twilightfan24

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