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Nuclear and cytoplasmic staining in the histology lab.

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Question
Answer
show Nucleus and Cytoplasm  
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Resting nucleus is typically in what phase?   show
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The nucleus appears to be what color when being stained with the standard H&E stain?   show
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Electron microscopes are able to view subcellular particles which include   show
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show Nuclear pores  
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show Nucleolous  
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Produces most of the ribosomal RNA   show
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show Stainable  
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Euchromatin   show
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Consists of chromosomes or DNA and attached protein   show
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show Heterochromatin  
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show Lymphocytes  
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show Neuronal nuclei  
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Energy producing powerhouses of the cell   show
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Site of protein synthesis   show
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show Ribosomes  
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show Ribosomes  
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show Golgi apparatus  
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show Centriole  
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show Centrioles  
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show Lysosomes  
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Aid in the digestion of food taken into the cell   show
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Long lived or permanent cells such as neurons, cardiac muscle, and hepatocyte accumulate a large amount of residual bodies. it is referred to as   show
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Exogenous materials   show
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Melanin and hemoglobin breakdown   show
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Attraction for minute particles from the surrounding solution, by the surface of certain tissue components; the dye is then bound to the tissue primarily by ionic, covalent, or hydrogen bonds   show
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Ionic bonding   show
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show Covalently bonded hydrogen is attracted to atoms that have a strong electronegative charge.  
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Hydrogen frequently bonds to what elements   show
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Covalent bonding   show
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Elements that typically form covalent bonds   show
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show Caused by electrostatic attraction of a molecule for the electrons of its neighboring molecules. These are weak physical forces that are effective over only very short distances.  
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show 1. Done with basic (cationic or positively charged) dyes 2. Done with dyes combined with or followed by metal mordants  
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show Presence of the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) to form dye salt type unions  
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show Nucleic acids have been removed (decalcified tissue) and also may occur in tissue that is not negatively charged.  
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show proteins or charged groups on the side chains of amino acids constituting the proteins  
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Proteins that can be positive or negative   show
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Eosin must be kept below pH of 6 or else   show
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A group that confers the property of color   show
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if reduction occurs to a chromopohore what happen?   show
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show Chromogen  
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show Auxochrome  
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Amino (NH2)   show
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Chromophore   show
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Picric acid is   show
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show Sulfonic, carboxyl, and hydroxyl groups  
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Cationic dyes   show
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show Crystal violet and safranin  
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show Orange G and picric acid  
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show Hematein and lithium carminate  
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Factors that affect dye binding   show
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show Formalin  
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show Potassium dichromate  
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Tissue will lose its nuclear staining properties when stained with these types of fixatives   show
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Types of fixatives that increase tissue basophilia or the uptake of cationic or positively charged dyes   show
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show Picric acid  
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show Mordants  
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Ways to differentiate   show
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show Oxidizers  
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show Iron heme stains  
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Aluminum hemes can be differentiated with   show
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Eosin can be differentiated with   show
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Hematein   show
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Hematoxylin can be oxidized by   show
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show Hematoxylin Absolute Alcohol Ammounium aluminum sulfate Distilled water Mercuric Oxide  
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show Sodium Iodate  
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Harris Hematoxylin mordant and oxidizer   show
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show Progressively and acidified  
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show Solution A Ammonium aluminum sulfate Distilled water Solution B Hematoxylin 95% alcohol Glycerol  
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show Mordant: Aluminum Oxidizer: light and air  
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show Stabilizes the solution against over oxidation and prevents rapid evaporation  
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To check for over oxidation of Delafield heme   show
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How to check for under oxidation of Delafield heme   show
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Delafield heme is used   show
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Mayer heme   show
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Mayer heme mordant and oxidizer   show
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Citric Acid and Chloral hydrate do what in the Mayer heme solution?   show
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Recommended heme for immunoperoxidase techniques when 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole is used   show
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Very difficult to over stain with this heme and produces very crisp nuclear staining. (Progressive)   show
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show Hematoxylin Alcohol 95% Distilled water Glycerol Ammonium or potassium aluminum sulfate Glacial acetic acid  
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Ehrlich heme mordant and oxidizer   show
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show More commonly used regressively but can be used progressively  
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Gill heme   show
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Ethylene glycol does what in the Gill heme?   show
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show Mordant: Aluminum sulfate Oxidizer: Sodium iodate  
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Gill 2 and 3 are used for   show
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Gill 3 is   show
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Can be used for staining glycol methacrylate sections   show
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Gill 1 and 2 are used   show
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show Goblet cells in Mucin  
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Less prone to surface precipitate   show
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Scott Solution   show
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show Changes the pH and allows the slides to blue (change color) Also stabilizes the stain.  
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show Lithium carbonate, ammonium hydroxide, or Scott solution  
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show Ferric chloride Distilled water hydrochloric acid Hematoxylin 95% alcohol  
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show Weigert heme  
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show Mordant and oxidizer: Ferric Chloride  
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Substitute for Weigert heme   show
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how many shade of pink should be obstained when staining with Eosin   show
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The more dilute alcohol the more _ will be removed   show
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show the A The longer it may need to stain  
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show Helly, Zenker, or B-5  
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show Place in 5% aqueous lithium carbonate for 1 hour  
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Restoring tissue basophilia: If over exposed to Zenker   show
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Restoring tissue basophilia: Method III   show
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Tissue basophilia loss may result from   show
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show Weigert iron heme  
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show incomplete deparaffinization  
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show -Ensuring the sections are dried properly -Allow enough time in xylene -Ensure xylene is not contaminated -If slides are stained then decolorize and restain  
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When distinct chromatin pattern cant be seen (Smudgy or muddy nuclear detail)   show
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Most frequent cause of nuclear staining not being crisp   show
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show Too much heat during processing or drying of the microscopic sections  
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show -Complete fixation of specimens -Tissues should be dehydrated and cleared completely -No heat on processor -Tissue should not remain in melted paraffin for long -Dryer is correct temp  
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Pale nuclear staining   show
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Over decalcified specimen   show
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Pale nuclear staining can be corrected by   show
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show 1. Sections left too long in heme 2. Sections too thick 3. Differentiation step too short  
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Dark nuclear staining can be corrected or prevented by   show
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show Either the heme is breaking down or blueing step was not properly done  
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show -Ensure sections are blued properly -Check the oxidation of the heme  
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Pale cytoplasmic staining may result from   show
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Pale cytoplasmic staing can be prevented or corrected from   show
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show -Ensure the eosin solution is not too concentrated -Ensure sections are not left too long in Eosin -Ensure time in dehydration solutions allow good differentiation -Check section for proper thickness  
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Eosin not properly differentiated may be prevented or corrected by   show
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Blue-black precipitate on top of sections   show
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show if after rehydrating alcohols then it indicates the presence of xylene. Back the slides up and change the alcohols. The take slides from alcohol to water. Water should be clear  
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show Water is still present. Back up the slides and change the alcohol and xylene. Then rehydrate and clear sections.  
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show Caused by water or fixative infiltrating paraffin caused by contamination of reagents in closed tissue processors because of equipment malfunction or absorbtion of atmospheric water by dehydrating alcohols on the open processors  
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show -Change from xylene to toluene in areas of high humidity if using an open processor -Have equipment checked for malfunctions  
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show Laser and electrocautery techniques (No remedy)  
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Poor contrast between nuclei and cytoplasm causes   show
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Poor contrast between the nuclei and the cytoplasm can be prevented or corrected by:   show
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DNA is found in the   show
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RNA is found in the   show
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Feulgen reaction purpose   show
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Feuglen reaction principle   show
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show Anything but Bouins  
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show DNA: Reddish purple Cytoplasm: Light green  
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Methyl green-pyronin Y purpose   show
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show Methyl green-pyronin Y  
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Methyl gree-pyronin Y principle   show
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show 10% NBF is preferred. B-5, Helly, or Zenker is fine  
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Methyl green pyronin Y results   show
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show A compound dye or dye mixture that contains components of different colors  
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A process in which a dye forms other dyes spontaneously   show
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Romanowsky type stain   show
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May Grunwald Giemsa stain Purpose   show
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May Grunwald Giemsa stain Principle   show
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show Zenker or B-5 preferred, 10% NBF is fine  
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show Spleen  
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show Nuclei: Blue Cytoplasm: Shades of pink, gray, blue Bacteria: Blue  
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Tissue fixed in aldehydes will have   show
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show Resinous and Aqueous  
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Resinous media tends to be   show
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Examples of resinous media   show
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show Xylene  
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Natural resins   show
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show Toulene  
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Tissues average refractive index   show
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Synthetic resins refractive index   show
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show Mineral oil  
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show Remove coverslip and any remaining medium with xylene. Rehydrate with the appropriate reagent, clear with xylene, and remount with synthetic resin  
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show Dehydrating and clearing will adversely affect the stain  
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Aqueous mounting media refractive index   show
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show 1 1/2 (180 micrometers thick), number 1 coverslips (~150 micrometers thick)  
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show Section transparency is reduced  
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Thickening of the mounting medium does what to transparency?   show
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show Results from thickened medium or excess medium between the section and cover glass  
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If drying artifact is noted what should be done to correct it?   show
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Exhibits brown stippling that resembles pigment or nucleus appears ti have a glossy black structure   show
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