The Respiratory Syste- (2nd half- gas transport, gas laws, respiratory volumes)
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| the conducting zone of the lungs is usually considered about 200 ml. Which respiratory volume is important to ensure that enough air is being inspired to fill the conducting zone and reach the alveoli? | tidal volume
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| an increase in plasma epinephrine will have the following direct effect on the respiratory system | beta-2 adrenergic receptor activation results in bronchodilation.
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| what part of the brain adjusts the rate of respiration to accommodate the body's changing oxygen needs? | pons
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| tidal volume (TV) | mount of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath under normal respiratory conditions
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| amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal tidal volume inhalation is known as: | inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
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| what is the expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? | amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume expiration
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| amount of air remaining in lungs after a forced expiration is known as: | residual volume
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| how does the blood flow through the cardiovascular system and air flow through the respiratory system relate? | both adjust diameter of conducting tubes to change flow & uses muscular pumps to create pressure gradients
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| during pneumonia, the lungs become "waterlogged"; this means that within the alveoli there is an abnormal accumulation of | interstital fluid
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| ___ makes up about 70% of total CO2 in blood | bicarbonate
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| most CO2 is transported by combining with __ or ___ | hemoglobin - dissolved in plasma as bicarbonate
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| primary form in which oxygen is carried in blood? | chemically bound to hemoglobin
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| during pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed | visceral pleura of the same lung
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| after blood becomes oxygenated, it.... | returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
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| spirometry cannot provide specific diagnosis. this is used for ___ | evaluating losses in respiratory function
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| about ___ mL moves in and out during each breath | 500
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| the average male IRV is | 3100 ml
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| the average female IRV is | 1900 ml
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| the ERV and residual volume average male value is __ ml | 1200
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| the ERV value for females is... | 700 ml
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| the average residual volume for females is ___ | 1100 ml
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| dead space happens in which zone? | conducting
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| amount of gas that flows in or out in 1 minute is called ____ | minute ventilation
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| alveolar ventilation rate (AVR) is calaculated by multiplying ___ and ___ | frequency - (TV-deadspace)
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| deadspace is usually ___ ml. this is the region in the lung where.... | 150 - no gas exchange is happening
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| rapid, shallow breathing ___ avr | decreases
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| which law states that gas will dissolve in proportion to their partial pressure? | henry's law
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| in henry's law..what 2 things affects how much remains dissolved? | solubility & temperature
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| if concentration of gas in a liquid is higher than in gas phase, what will happen? | it will reenter the gas phase
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| is carbon dioxide or oxygen more soluble? | CO2
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| external respiration is influenced by what 3 factors? | partial pressures & gas solubility. viscosity & surface area of respiratory membrane. ventilation
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| ventilation - perfusion coupling states that... | if you have more blood, it's going to change & make factors change
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| more surface area leads to ___ | more gas exchange
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| major oxygen transport is___ | hemoglobin
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| which gas is transported by dissolving in the plasma as bicarbonate ions? | carbon dioxide
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| what triggers the chloride shift? | bicarbonate flux
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| ventral rhythm group (VRG) | rhythm generating and integrating center
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| which rhythm group integrates stretch & chemo-receptor input. also modifies VRG output. | dorsal rhythm group
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