Civics And Economics
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| Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of U.S. est. by the 2nd Continental Congress in 1777.
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| Confederation | group of states that band together for a common purpose
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| Structure of AOC | 1. 1 house (unicameral) legislature
2. each state had one vote
3. Congress controlled the army & could make treaties w/ foreign countries.
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| Weaknesses of AOC | 1. Lack of Power & Money
a.Congress had no power to collect taxes, regulate trade or enforce laws
2. Lack of Central Power
a. no single leader (president)
b. no national court system
3. Rules too Rigid
a. 9 of 13 states needed to pass la
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| Ordinance of 1785 | system for surveying and selling western land
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| Northwest Ordinance | organized new territory/ method of admitting new states into the Union
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| Revolution War Debts | unable to collect taxes, Congress had borrowed money
states could collect taxes-taxed heavily
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| Shays’ Rebellion | Daniel Shays was in debt due to state taxes and was about to lose his farm. He led an armed uprising of 1,200 MA farmers on a federal arsenal.
1. Results: leaders will call a meeting (later became Constitutional Convention) to revise the AOC
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| Original Goal | Revise AOC in response to Shays’ Rebellion.
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| Where? | Independence Hall in P.A. on May 25, 1787
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| Who? | Absent:
Jefferson/Adams- in Europe
Patrick Henry- opposed Convention
Rhode Island
In Attendance: 55 delegates
-Ben Franklin was the oldest delegate at 81.
-James Madison- main writer of Constitution
-George Washington-leader of convention
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| How?/Procedure | -Need 7 out of 12 states rep. present to meet.
-Decisions made by maj. vote, each state had one vote.
-meetings kept secret
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| What?/ Plans: V.A. Plan | -James Madison- states w/ large populations.
-Gov’t similar to today (Constitution).
-Bicameral (two house) Congress.
1. Rep. based on population.
-Problem: larger states would have more votes than the smaller states.
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| N.J. Plan | -By William Patterson- states w/ small populations.
-Gov’t similar to the AOC.
-Unicameral (one house) Congress w/ equal rep.= equal votes.
-Problem: larger states said they should have more votes-since they have more people.
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| C.T. Plan/Great Compromise | -By Roger Sherman- Plan used for Constitution
-Bicameral Congress:
1. Senate- equal rep. (2 from ea. state)
2. House– based on pop.
3. 3 Branches/ Checks and Balances
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| 3/5th Compromise | Problem: Dispute between N&S over taxes and rep.
Compromise: Every 5 slaves would be counted as 3 free people for tax and rep. purposes.
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| Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise | 1. Congress regulates trade between
2. Slave trade would be allowed for only 20yrs-ends Middle Passage.
3. U.S. Capital moved to South-D.C
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| Ratification of Constitution | Sept. 17, 1787 delegates signed the Constitution.
Still needed approval of 9 states for ratification.
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| Federalists | -supporters of the Constitution
-wanted a strong national gov’t
Federalist Papers: essays created by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay to defend and help gain support for the Constitution.
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| Anti-Federalists | -opposed Constitution
-wanted addition of a bill of rights
-wanted stronger state gov’ts
-Famous Anti-Federalists included Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams etc.
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| Ratification of Constitution | -Bill of Rights added
-June 21, 1788, NH became the 9th state to ratify the Constitution- making the Constitution take effect.
-The last state to ratify the Constitution was RI in 1790
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| Purpose & Parts of Constitution | -framework for the nation’s gov’t
-highest authority in the nation
-basic law of the US
1. The Preamble- introduction (6 purposes)
2. The Articles- 7 total
3. Amendments- 27
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| 7 Articles |
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| Article I | Legislative Branch-makes/creates laws - Congress
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| Article II | Executive Branch-enforces/carries out laws- President, VP, Executive Office of President (EOP)
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| Article III | Judicial Branch- interprets laws- Federal Courts- District, Appeals, & Supreme
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| Article IV | “Full faith and credit clause” -requires states to respect the laws, records and court rulings of other states.
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| Article V | 1.Proposal
-2/3 vote of members of both houses of Congress
-or-national convention called at the request of 2/3 of 50 state legislatures
2. Ratification
Approval of ¾ of 50 state legislatures
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| Article VI | “Supremacy Clause”- Constitution is the “supreme law of the land.”
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| Article VII | Constitution takes effect when 9 of 13 states ratified it.
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