AP Human Geography
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| Natural Landscape (Physical Attributes) | Physical landscape or environment that has not been affected by human activities
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| Possibilism | How humans adjust to the challenges posed by the physical environment
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| Region | Area of Earth distinguished by distinctive combinations of cultural and physical features
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| Formal / Uniform Region | An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics
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| Functional / Nodal Region | Region defined by particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it
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| Perceptual / Vernacular Region | Region that only exists as an idea or identity; not physical object
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| Map Scale | Shows how much the true size of an area has been narrowed down to fit on a flat surface
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| Spacial Interaction | Depends on distance between places and movement or flows involving human interaction
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| Distortion | Abnormal or unrealistic representation of Earth's features and characteristics on a map
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| Geographic Information System (GIS) | Computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data; uses geocoding to calculate relationships between objects on a map's surface
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| Global Positioning System (GPS) | System that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth using several satellites in orbit
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| Grid System | Systems of intersecting lines and spaces that help you pinpoint locations on maps
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| Latitude / Parallel | Imaginary lines around the Earth that is parallel to the equator
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| Longitude / Meridian | Imaginary lines around the Earth that are parallel to the Prime Meridian and the International Date Line
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| Prime Meridian | Line at 0 degrees longitude which passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England
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| International Date Line | Imaginary line at 180 degrees longitude that runs from the north to the south pole and demarcates backward calendar day from the next
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| Equator | Imaginary line at 0 degrees latitude dividing the earth into the northern and southern hemisphere
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| Map | Flat model of Earth's surface (or parts of it) that shows more detail and is more mobile than a globe
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| Thematic Map | A type of map that displays one or more variables within a specific area
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| Cartogram Map | The size of a location is based on a particular defined characteristic
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| Dot Map | Represent quantities or occurrences; are placed on the map in the approximate location of the occurrence
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| Chloropleth Map | A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent spatial data as average values per unit area.
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| Isoline Map | A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value
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| Mental Map | A map which represents the perceptions and knowledge a person has of an area
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| Model | A representation designed to show the structure of an object, system, or concept
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| Map Projection | A way of representing a round 3D earth on a flat surface
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| Remote Sensing | A geographic technique that monitors the Earth's surface using modern techonology
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| Time Zones | New time zone for every 15 degrees west; 24 time zones ; allows time to follow with rotation of earth
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| Built Landscapes | Area of land that shows the effects of features and patterns of human occupation
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| Sequent Occupance | Shows how humans interact with the environment impacting it culturally
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| Cultural Attributes / Cultural Landscape | Cultural features (language, religion, food, climate)
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| Arithmetic Density | Total number of people in an area
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| Physiological Density | Number of people per area unit suitable for agriculture
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| Cultural Diffusion | Adoption of cultural elements from a place of origin to a wider area
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| Cultural Hearth | A major culture's place of origin
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| Relocation Diffusion | Spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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| Expansion Diffusion | Spread of a trend among people from one area to another
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| Hierarchical Diffusion | Spread of an idea from people of authority to other people of power
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| Contagious Diffusion | Rapid, widespread movement of a characteristic throughout population spread without relocation
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| Stimulus Diffusion | Spread of a unrevealed principle even though the characteristic fails to diffuse
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| Absolute Direction | Cardinal direction (north, south, east, west)
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| Relative Direction | Directions based on people's perception of places (left, right, up, down)
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| Dispersion | Spread of a phenomenon over an area that shows how far things are spread out
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| Concentration | The spread of something over a given area
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| Agglomerated | Closer together, clustered, or focused towards a centerpoint
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| Absolute Distance | Distance that can be measured with a standard unit length (mile or kilometer)
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| Relative Distance | Measure of distance including costs of overcoming friction of absolute distance separating 2 places
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| Distribution | Arrangement of phenomenon across Earth's surface
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| Environmental Determinism | Approach made by Humboldt and Ritter (19th century geographers) who concentrated on how physical environment caused social development
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| Location | Where is it? The position that something occupies on Earth
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| Absolute Location | Uses coordinates from latitude and longitude or addresses
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| Relative Location | Location in reference to other known locations
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| Site | A physical character of place
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| Situation | Location of a place relative to other places
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| Toponym | Place name
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| Pattern | Geometric or regular arrangement of something in an area
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| Linear Pattern | Straight pattern or a pattern along straight lines
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| Centralized Pattern | Clustered or concentrated at a certain place
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| Random Pattern | Pattern without a specific order of logic behind arrangement
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