Testing study for the first test in POL120
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| Democracy | a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives
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| Direct Democracy | a form of democracy in which people decide policy initiatives directly.
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| Representative Democracy | a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy.
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| Constitutional Democracy | a system of government in which the limits of political authority are clearly stated and the electorate has the power to remove poor performing governments.
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| Constitutionalism | constitutional government.
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| Statism | a political system in which the state has substantial centralized control over social and economic affairs.
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| Popular Consent | the authority of a state and its government is created and sustained by the consent of its people, through their elected representatives (Rule by the People), who are the source of all political power.
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| Majority Rule | the principle that the greater number should exercise greater power.
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| Majority | the greater number.
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| Plurality | the number of votes cast for a candidate who receives more than any other but does not receive an absolute majority
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| Theocracy | a form of government in which God or a deity is recognized as the supreme civil ruler, the God's or deity's laws being interpreted by the ecclesiastical authorities
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| Articles of Confederation | the original constitution of the US, ratified in 1781, which was replaced by the US Constitution in 1789.
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| Annapolis Convention | a meeting of 12 delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) that called for a constitutional convention
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| Constitutional Convention | Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation.
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| Shay's Rebellion | a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt.
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| Bicameralism | practice of having two legislative or parliamentary chambers
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| Virginia Plan | the Large-State Plan
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| New Jersey Plan | the Small-State Plan
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| Connecticut Compromise | agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787
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| Three-Fifths Compromise | slaves would be counted as three-fifths in total when apportioning Representatives, as well as Presidential electors and taxes
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| Federalists | The supporters of the proposed Constitution
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| Anti-Federalists | opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the 1787 Constitution
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| The Federalists Essays | urging the citizens of New York to ratify the new United States Constitution
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| Separation of Powers | an act of vesting the legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government in separate bodies.
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| Checks and Balances | ensuring that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or groups
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| Legislative Branch | made up of the two houses of Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives. Makes Laws.
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| Executive Branch | the President, to the Vice President, to the Cabinet
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| Judicial Branch | interprets the meaning of laws, applies laws to individual cases
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| Divided Government | one party controls the presidency while the other party controls Congress
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| Direct Primary | An election in which voters choose candidates to run on a party's ticket in a subsequent election for public office.
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| Initiative | the power or opportunity to act or take charge before others do
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| Referendum | a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision
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| Recall | officially order (someone) to return to a place.
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| Judicial Review | review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.
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| John Marshall | established the principles of United States constitutional law
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| Marbury v. Madison | Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.
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| Thurgood Marshall | first African-American justice
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| Writ of Mandamus | an order from a court to an inferior government official ordering the government official to properly fulfill their official duties or correct an abuse of discretion
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| Impeachment | A formal accusation of wrongdoing against a public official
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| Executive Order | a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law
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| Executive Privilege | the privilege, claimed by the president for the executive branch of the US government, of withholding information in the public interest.
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| Impoundment | an act by a President of the United States of not spending money that has been appropriated by the U.S. Congress
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| 4 Ways to Amend the Constitution | Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state conventions, Proposal by convention of states, ratification by state legislatures, Proposal by Congress, ratification by state conventions, Proposal by Congress, ratification by state legislatures
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| Article 1 | establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress
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| Article 2 | makes the executive branch of the government
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| Article 3 | establishes the judicial branch of the federal government
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| Article 4 | guarantee to every state in this union a republican form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion
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| Article 5 | The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution
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| Article 6 | establishes the laws and treaties of the United States made in accordance with it as the supreme law of the land, forbids a religious test as a requirement for holding a governmental position
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| Bill of Rights | collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution
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| Federalism | mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system
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| Unitary System | a sovereign state governed as a single entity
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| Confederation | organization that consists of a number of parties or groups united in an alliance or league
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| Number of Governments in the United States | A f*ck ton
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| Delegated Powers | powers specifically granted the Federal Government by the Constitution
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| Express Powers | Congress specifically listed in the Constitution.
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| Inherent Powers | not specified in the Constitution, they are reasonable powers that are a logical part of the powers delegated to Congress and the president
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| Commerce Clause | regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes
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| Federal Mandate | orders that induce "responsibility, action, procedure or anything else that is imposed by constitutional, administrative, executive, or judicial action" for state and local governments and/or the private sector.
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| Reserve Powers | powers assigned to the states and the people.
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| Concurrent Powers | powers that are shared by both the State and the federal government.
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause | duties that states within the United States have to respect the "public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state."
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| Extradition | the action of extraditing a person accused or convicted of a crime
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| Interstate Compact | an agreement between two or more states
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| National Supremacy | most important guarantor of national union. It assures that the Constitution and federal laws and treaties take precedence over state law and binds all judges to adhere to that principle in their courts
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| Preemption | the purchase of goods or shares by one person or party before the opportunity is offered to others.
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| State's Rights | political powers reserved for the state governments rather than the federal government according to the United States Constitution, reflecting especially the enumerated powers of Congress and the Tenth Amendment.
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